Vietnam War and the Media

Write an essay that offers a critical examination of the concept of the delinquent media thesis in respect of any state of strugglefarefare of your choice Natasa Perdiou The Vietnam struggle was the first contend that allowed uncensored media reportage resulting in images and accounts of horrific upshots that served to shape universal opinion of the state of war like nonhing that had been seen before. This characterization by the media led to a separation between the press and the U. S. governance, as much of what was reported defied the intentions of government activity policy.The media has fell blame by many for the result of the war, as it is widely believed that the war could non run through been won under the scrutiny that came from the Ameri gouge people as a result of the media reportage. From the beginning of the Vietnam War to the present, the media has been an immeasurable factor in the perception of the war as the stories, true or false, that were reported gave the American people a face to an ugly war. The scruple over how much, if any, the media had affected the divulgecome of the war has been an harsh unitary and is likely to continue for a huge period to come.But one fact that can non be doubted is that the horridness of war entered the living rooms of Americans for the first time during the Vietnam War. For nearly a decade the American familiar could watch villages being destruct, Vietnamese children burning to death, and American body bags being sent home. Although early coverage mainly supported U. S involvement in the war, tv set news dramatically changed its frame of the war after the Tet Offensive. Images of the U. S led massacre at My Lai dominated the telecasting receiver, yet the daily atrocities rateted by normality Vietnam and the Viet Cong rarely made the evening news.Moreover, the anti-war movement at home gained increasing media attention composition the U. S soldier was forgotten in Vietnam. There was a stable build up of US military support activity in Vietnam during the period 1954 to 1965, but the first combat troops did not erupt until March 1965. During this period, media attention in the war was slow in building up, the first resident TV correspondent, NBCs Garrick Utley, only arriving in late 1964. The media did build up and as the war became progressively more aggressive, journalists were sent out in increasing numbers.It would be fair to say that describe of Vietnam increase approximately in proportion to the military presence. Prior to the involvement of ground troops in Vietnam, media coverage was concentrated to the political dimension of the war of stabilizing a non-communist regime in South Vietnam. The media at this time was committed to reporting news that reflected the common anti-communist stance, which was so powerful in the early 60s that as long as the Vietnam War remained small, the administration had little chafe with the press (Hallin 28). 4By 1965 m edia coverage of Vietnam increased as the U. S. was becoming more part of an aggressive war. Reporting began to shift from the intention of eradication the world of collectivism to the frustration of the men in the field. After the heavy use of ground troops, a shift in coverage occurred that put much of the attention on the military incident of the war. (Wyatt 133). 9 An increasing number of reports began to supply about a lack of incentive and motivation on the part of the South Vietnamese troops. This brought to question the whole voice of American interference, as the U.S. was proposed to support the South Vietnamese in their parkway against the North, not the other focussing around. 1965 did not only mark the increase of ground troops into Vietnam, it also brought the egression of television into the realm of media coverage, while the government was trying to maintain the idea that that the U. S was making advance progress, that the Vietnam War was necessary and that vi ctory was not inevitable. While a small percentage of coverage was consecrated to war and death, what was seen was not forgotten by the American people.The famous General William Westmoreland states that the coverage was almost merely violent, miserable or controversial guns firing, men falling, helicopters crashing, buildings toppling, huts burning, refugees fleeing, women wailing. A shot of a single building in ruins could give the impression of an entire town destroyed. 7 So, in spite of continuous reports of victory, the public had a secure time coming to grips with what they saw their troops involved in Vietnam. Such coverage, along with the vivid images that emerge on T. V. ed to a serious rise in anti-war protest that was merely strengthened by the events of 1968. The Tet Offensive of 1968 marked the greatest conflict in beliefs of the join Stated government and the media. In January, North Vietnamese troops flesh outed the North cities of South Vietnam and the U. S. e mbassy in Saigon. The media and the television, however, portrayed the attack as a condemnable defeat for the U. S, totally altering the outcome of the war at the very moment when government officials were publically stating that victory in Vietnam was just around the corner (Wyatt 167)8.The media covered all the events that immediately followed the Tet Offensive and the American public began adoreing whether this war could be won. tangle with Oberdorfer a Washington reporter said that in that respects no doubt Tet was one of the biggest events in contemporary American history, within two months the, American body politically turned around on the war. And they were significantly influenced by events they saw on television. 2 The Tet offensive was not totally unpredicted by the US military.In reality, the final result was a success, in military terms, for the US as the Vietnamese did undergo serious casualties and were driven plump for. However, the America media were not ence inte of the attack and assumed that the military did not either. Seeing the US embassy being undertaken by the Vietnamese presented the event as a defeat, television fell prey to its chronic lust for drama. 1 After the Tet offensive the media began to attack the American involvement in Vietnam.It became clear to the American public that there was no clear way to win the war. Also, in reaction to public mood the media started sending damaging reports from the frontlines they suggested that American troops lacked the particular training for the terrain and the type of warfare they were subjected to. They also gave the idea to people that the new rebellious generation and the great pressures of the war meant that many soldiers were drug abusers and carrying out atrocities. The media concentrated on civilian casualties and incidents such as the one in My Lai,These images on peoples televisions, left-hand(a) people in outrage, many had lost religious belief in the war and saw no milit ary plan capable of wining such a war. They were revolt by their countrys conduct in the war and were set into a honorable panic, see brutal scenes of civilian casualties committed by their own troops. The war was now seen as a calamitous one and the government was seen to be at fault, forcing many young men to their death or to commit the atrocities they saw on their TV screens.The former Vietnam correspondent Robert Elegant of the Los Angeles times said that for the first time in modern history the outcome of a war is seemed destined to be determined not on the battlefield but on the printed page and, above all, on the television screen 3 The reporting of the actual war was deteriorating, just at the moment when the American military advisers hoped to push for victory. The North Vietnamese causalities following the Tet offensive had left them vulnerable and it was expected that an immediate attack to cut the Ho chi Minh trail would permit the US troops the chance for total su ccess.The news, though, was almost totally concentrating on the locomote anti-war division in the US and stories of low morale and indiscipline among the US troops. The media were responsible for the American insularity from Vietnam because of the poor quality of reporting which lacked in validity in its facts about events and incidents in the war. It seems with all these misreports or blatant lies, which was meant to purposely damage the image of the American fighting forces in Vietnam public opinion of the war was very low in America. However the question is to what extent, if any, did this coverage change the outcome of the war?It would be reasonable to suggest that the Tet offensive was the most significant incident in shaping the outcome of the war. The media sure reported the assault in the most inaccurate way for the US army. Activist young journalists, who had not in the past witness any real fighting were all of a sudden leap by fighting supposed that the North Vietname se had won a great victory. The US government and army were to a degree unrighteous since they were aware the assault was going to happen and did not predicate the media for reasons of national security.There was a succeeding recovery by the Americans and the media did not report this. Moreover, fragile leadership, mainly from Lyndon Johnson, did not motivate confidence in the war enterprise. Evidence does also indicate that there was no haughty public support for the war, even earlier than the negative coverage by media began. The reasons for the war, to ceased the spreading of communism (the eye mask Theory), were not clearly demonstrated and maintained. Some Americans began to realise that the Communist threat was used as a scapegoat to hide imperialistic intentions.After the medias massive blunder of reporting the Tet offensive as a major psychological defeat, and not having the sophistication, integrity or courage to admit their error opposition to war rose sharply. These innumerable domestic divisions gave the chance to high ranking members of Johnsons administration to begin expressing their check of Johnsons actions to the media. This put pressure on government into engaging in to a more defending military strategy that may take over altered the likelihood of victory for the US.President Johnson was under fire from anti-war doves and submitted to twain ceasing the bombing of North Vietnam and beginning the Paris Peace talks. As expected, he also announced his purpose not to stand for re-election. To make things worse, the war cost two-thousand-million dollars every month. The price of many goods in the United States began to rise. The value of the dollar began to drop. The result was inflation. Then economic activity slowed, and the result was recession. Opposition to the war and to the Administrations war policies led to bigger and bigger anti-war demonstrations. Johnsons successor, Richard Nixon, in an effort to gain the public support bac k announced a plan of Vietnamization of the war. This involved swapping US troops with more South Vietnamese troops, develop and armed by the US, after the first US troop coitus interruptuss from Vietnam started in June 1969. Unluckily for Nixon, this did not discourage the anti-war protest who demonstrated in record numbers (250,000) in Washington in November 1969. 10 Images in television in every living room in America were showing the true dreadfulness of war for the first time.Reports of military failure (especially Tet) and slaughter such as the My Lai event shaped an air of scepticism. The media at home were also reporting the rising number and intensity of anti-war protest, legitimising opposition to war. A thing television was guilty of was only placing emphasis on the US troops. The stories that made the news were always about US troops in combat, US troops doing civil action, sometimes US troops in trouble (desertion, drugs, fragging). The allies, whose losses (280,000 South Vietnamese dead) far exceeded those of American troops, were invisible to the American crews.This gave the American public the notion that the war was being waged mostly by the Americans and it was probably this, more than the almost exclusively violent coverage which gave the public a sense of disillusionment and war weariness. Additionally, media coverage of the war in Vietnam shook the credence of citizens at home. The media was the catalyst, which promoted the rising American anti-war movement. They were to a great degree accountable for the American troops withdrawal from Vietnam because of its poor quality of reporting which lacked in accuracy about the facts and events of the war.It is obvious that this kind of misinformation seriously destroyed both the image and the morale of the American soldier in Vietnam. Theres no wonder public opinion of the war was very low in America. But the truth is that the media only sink a slowly sinking politically based ship, as public opinion of the war was already falling. The public were already starting to see through the governments political talk that they had no definite military plan for victory or a justifiable reason to fight against a nation of infantrymen.The American media just dramatised the events to entirely destroy the very political principles which started the war. The media caused such a moral alarm in America at the time, people lost trust in its own government. The media left t America in such a chaos that its own government had to surrender to public opinion. So to what extend are the media guilty for the loss of the war? The media played a key role in American withdrawal from Vietnam. It might as well be proper to suggest that with American support for the war, America forces effort into the war may have been better and the outcome of the war may have been different.Nevertheless, the chief reality is that the America forces in Vietnam had no apparent military strategy to be successful in i ts political mean. So consequently the media can not be solely guilty for the American withdrawal. Yet, the question is, would have American forces been withdraw from Vietnam with no media negative reporting of the war? The retort is that we will never know for sure. But we can undoubtedly say that Americans support for the war would have mostly remained high all over the war, the pressure on the American troops and government wouldnt have appeared.Without all of the these factors the American troops may have had the time to adjust to the style of warfare and topography and resolve the behavioural and discipline troubles they were facing which highly attracted the media attention. This could mean that America would have continued the war in Vietnam, which may, but not definitely would have created a different outcome. Despite this, you still cant say that the media is totally responsible for the withdrawal of American fighting forces in Vietnam. It was the longest war in American h istory which resulted in nearly 60,000 American deaths and an estimated 2 million Vietnamese deaths.The fiscal cost to the United States was just as deep. Even today, many Americans still ask whether the American effort in Vietnam was a sin, a blunder, a necessary war, or a noble cause, or an idealistic, if failed, effort to protect the South Vietnamese from totalitarian government. Nicholas Hopkinsons statement is the one that probably best reflects the situation of the media in Vietnam As public enthusiasm faded, reporting became more and more critical but to single the media out as the decisive element in declining public opinion is incorrect.US opinion turned against the war because it was long unsuccessful, costly in terms of human life and expenditure. 6 Words 2314 References Bibliography 1. Braestrup, Peter. The News Media and the War in Vietnam Myths and Realities 2. Don Oberdorfer, Tet , September 1, 1971 3. Elegant, Robert, How to Lose a War, Encounter, 57, 2 (1981), 73 89 4. Hallin, Daniel C. , The Uncensored War The Media and Vietnam. Los Angles atomic number 20 University of California Press, 1986. 5. George Herring, Americas Longest War The United States in Vietnam, 1950-1975 (1986) . Nicholas Hopkinson, War and the media Wilton Paper 55 (London HMSO, 1992) 6-7 7. Westmoreland, William C. A Soldier Reports (Garden City, N. Y. , Doubleday, 1976) 8. William M. Hammond, humans Affairs The Military and the Media, 1962-1968 (1989) and Public Affairs The Military and the Media, 1968-1973 (1996). 9. Wyatt, Clarence R. Paper Soldiers The American Press and the Vietnam War. wampum University of Chicago Press, 1995. Internet sources 10. www. nytimes. com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1115. html