Tween Sexualization Essay - 599 Words

There is so much social pressure on girls to look sexy, whether they are sexually active or not, for many reasons. The first reason that comes to mind is Hollywood, the media, and entertainment. Britney Spears first video when she was like 16 was her in a sexy Catholic school girl uniform, singing, â€Å"Hit me baby one more time.† Miley Cyrus, the new Britney Spears, has done racy photo shoots that suggests nudity, and recently come out with new provocative songs, which she accompanies with provocative attire. Now these two celebrities didn’t start out being sexy. They both reeled in their fan base on shows like the Mickey Mouse Club and Hannah Montana. So they already had a following of young girls â€Å"Tweens†, which mimicked their every†¦show more content†¦I think it opens a door to abuse, abduction, and rape. And the whole stigma of â€Å"She asked for it, by wearing that short skirt, thong, low cut top, whatever it is.† Girls and wome n wear clothing that is uncomfortable for the sake of fashion all the time. â€Å"Pain is beauty.† Some girls will do whatever it takes to look like a new pop icon or supermodel. Some go to extreme measures. The simplest form of this silliness, is wearing stilettos. I haven’t found one pair that are comfortable for more than 10 minutes, unless I am sitting down. Some girls live in them. Plastic surgery is an extreme. To actually go and change your image to look like what society labels as â€Å"hot† is beyond me, but its happening all time. It’s a disease. Then of course there are girls and women who have eating disorders. They take laxatives and throw up after meals so they can look skinny. Unfortunately society doesn’t have that many role models that encourage young woman to be happy with themselves. I want my daughter to grow up accepting of herself. I want to teach her values that will make her feel beautiful on the inside. That’s what most girls are running from. They are hurting and have low self esteem and that’s what they portray when they over sexualizeShow MoreRelatedWar Is Equally Physical And Emotional1943 Words   |  8 Pageseffects on their career, sexual psychosocial, and cognitive development. According to the Levine, â€Å"sexualization is the inappropriate imposition of sexuality upon a person, whether through objectification, overvaluing,or emphasizing the person’s appearance and/or sexual behavior†. Over several decades,women have been transformed into developing a pornified culture: â€Å"Social media has stimulated the sexualization rates of women and girls from 44% of women in the 1960s to 83% of women in the 2000s due toRead MoreContent Analysis Of Gender Roles Essay2021 Words   |  9 Pagesdevices. The findings suggest that the portrayal of a thin female body image can have a negative psychological impact on young females. Evans, A., Riley, S., Shankar, A. (2010). Technologies of Sexiness: Theorizing Women s Engagement in the Sexualization of Culture. Feminism Psychology, 20(1), 114-131. 1. The researchers were interested in discovering a theory for understanding the ways in which women across all generations reason their sexual identity in connection with feminine sexual consumerismRead MoreContent Analysis Of Gender Roles Essay2024 Words   |  9 Pagesdevices. The findings suggest that the portrayal of a thin female body image can have a negative psychological impact on young females. Evans, A., Riley, S., Shankar, A. (2010). Technologies of Sexiness: Theorizing Women s Engagement in the Sexualization of Culture. Feminism Psychology, 20(1), 114-131. 1. The researchers were interested in discovering a theory for understanding the ways in which women across all generations reason their sexual identity in connection with feminine sexual consumerismRead MoreThe Oversexualization And Objectification Of Women1528 Words   |  7 Pages The oversexualization of women s bodies can degrade a young woman’s confidence, and when girls try to boost confidence by dressing or acting like the women they see in the media, they are reprimanded for it. Girls cannot be blamed for their sexualization; they are just emulating what they see in the media. On television and in movies, women are often portrayed as the love interest for the main male character or the succubus that tries to gain the main character’s love through temptation. MostRead MoreChronicles The Author s Journey Through America s Princess Culture With Her Young Daughter, Daisy1665 Words   |  7 PagesIn this book, chronicles the author’s journey through America’s princess culture with her young daughter, Daisy. Beginning with Disney princesses, Orenstein comes to examine American Girl dolls, the â€Å"tween† market, Miley Cyrus, social media, beauty pageants, and of course, Barbie, all in the united effort to best understand the decisions she is making for her daughter. potential body issues, poor self-esteem, ramped sexism, and gender essentialist impositions, The â€Å"princess phase† is first up forRead MoreHannah Montan Did She Really Get The Best Of Both Worlds?1612 Words   |  7 Pagesannounced it would launch Hannah merchandise by the end of the year that included but was not limited to an Hannah Montana clothing line, jewelry, dolls,and other apperal(Uhls ). This episodic television program would target young audiences from kids and tweens, but specifically targeted girls of all ages. Throughout all four seasons, as mentioned in Newman’s readings the arc or storyline across all episodes in Hannah Montana would be that of protecting Miley’s secret from the public. The show consistedRead MoreToo Sexy So Soon : The New Sexualized Childhood And Your Kids By Diane E. Levin1983 Words   |  8 Pagespasses. â€Å"The number of shows with sexual content increased between 1998 and 2005, from 54 percent to 70 percent† (Levin and Kilbourne 38). This was only the beginning of the sharp uptake of sexualization in c hildren’s culture, as it led to sexualization in music, movies, and toys aimed at young kids. The sexualization in children’s toys does not stop at the commercials for them that are aired on TV. Around the 1980’s, products for children suddenly saw a stark divide in gender. The gender differenceRead MoreSegmentation and The Global Marketplace Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesto propose that only through possessing certain branded goods one becomes part of a particular segment. Especially the newly developed and very lucrative market segment of tweens is at risk. Enormous concerns are expressed by consumer, religious and parent groups who state that such a grouping leads to premature sexualization of children since it often shows children acting and looking like young adults. (Hackley, 2009, p.92) The third category of critique, intellectual critique, focuses on theRead MoreThe Negative Impact of Targeted Advertising on Adolescents and Children2406 Words   |  10 Pagesnoticeable harm for children`s education, health, psychology and social life. This essay will evaluate impact of targeted advertising on children and adolescents considering its possible positive and negative effects. Which include obesity and ‘sexualization’ of children, rise of harmful addictions as negative effects, whereas positive effects are economic benefits, increase in employment level and in change of ethical attitudes. Children represent a large consumer power to marketers and advertisers

Recent financial scandals exposed questions of corporate governance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1794 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction The recent financial scandals of Adelphia, Enron, WorldCom, and some other companies exposed a lot of questions of the corporate governance, which made corporate governance received much attention and became a hot topic again both in the academic and financial world. Corporate governance is defined by the OECD (2004) as a set of relationship between a companys directors, its shareholders and other stakeholders. It also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of achieving those objectives and monitoring performance, are determined. Accountability is one of the most important parts of corporate governance, the Cadbury Committee (1992)s terms about the corporate governance were to review those aspects of corporate governance specifically related to financial reporting and accountability; Charkham (1998) also mentioned that good corporate governance means a proper balance between enterprise and accountability. Therefore, with the purpose of getting a good understanding of the corporate governance, this paper sets out to discuss the relationship between accountability and enterprise. In order to meet the purpose, the paper fist discuss of various governance mechanisms and their effects which is followed by an analysis of two alternative models, insider and outsider models. The third part is going to discuss whether good corporate governance can improve corporate performance or not. It will make some recommendations in the fourth section about how to improve the corporate governance mechanisms. The last two parts are concerned with the future of corporate governance and draw a conclusion about the topic. The effectiveness of various mechanisms John and Senbet (1998) proposed a more comprehensive definition of corporate governance that it deals with mechanisms by which stakeholders of a corporation exercise control over corporate insiders and management such that their interests are protected. In di fferent countries, corporate governance mechanisms are different. However, Filatotchev and Nakajima (2010) suggested that corporate governance has both internal and external aspects. Internal aspects include ownership structure, the board of directors and committees, internal control, risk management, transparency and financial reporting; External aspects can either be market-oriented, or can take the form of credit ranking, and/or social requirements. Accounting and finance researchers have focused on a variety of corporate governance mechanisms, especially the internal mechanisms relating to boards and board performance. Non-executive directors and audit committee are the most representative two key mechanisms in the corporate governance, which can enhanced board effectiveness and to add value to shareholders. Kirkbride and Letza (2005) studied of non-executive directors and their role in monitoring company management, on behalf of shareholders. Research has generally showed there is a positive relationship between the number of non-executive directors and corporate performance (Ferris et al., 2003). The heart of the governance is the board of directors, the governance operation rely on the board of directors. Higgs report (2003) provides a functional outline of the role of non-executive directors: Firstly, non-executive directors should add to and dispute the trend of strategy. Secondly, non-executive directors should inspect the performance of executive managers and check the treatment of performance. Thirdly, non-executive directors should make financial information truthful and make sure the financial controls and risk management are effectiveness. Finally, non-executive directors should fix on the remuneration for executives and employ and eliminate the senior managers. In a word, the effective non-executive directors can supply the useful advices to guide the corporate operation. They can also formulate a high standard long-term st rategy plan and monitor the managers behavior. Audit committees are board mechanisms to enhance accountability around the financial reporting and accounting functions, and have been extensively researched (Turley and Zaman, 2007). Also, Gramling et al. (2005) provided an overview of the role of internal audit in a corporate governance context. Audit committee is a key mechanism in the area of accountability. The Smith report (2005) pointed out that the role of audit committee should include five parts: Firstly, the audit committee should review a companys internal financial control and risk management. This enables the risk management more effective and limits risks. Secondly, the audit committee should monitor and review the internal audit. Thirdly, the audit committee should give some recommendations to the board on the shareholders general meeting. It also should manage the external audit on the remuneration and engagement part. Fourthly, the audit committee should judge the financial reporting which made by internal accountants. Finally, the audit committee should monitor and review the external audit. After recognize the role of the audit committee, it can be drew out that, if the audit committee operates effectively, it has a lot of benefits. When it reviews the financial reporting, it can improve its quality and the executives can make the proper decisions. When it monitors the internal control and risk management, it can reduce the risks and seize the opportunities. It also helps the non-executive directors make an independent judgment and play a positive role. In the external audit part, it can strengthen the position of the external auditor and make them more independence. Researchers have also investigated the relationship between executive remuneration and financial performance (Core et al., 1999). A good executive remuneration can make staffs love their work and improve working efficiency. To sum up, the good governance mechanisms can affect the companys strategy and therefore improve the company performance. But Rediker and Seth (1995) also mentioned that, a single governance mechanism cant play an effective role over the company performance. The use of multifaceted bundles of governance mechanisms as well as both accountability and enterprise can influence the company performance. Alternative models: Insider model and outsider model Franks and Mayer (1996) distinguished two models from the corporate governance system, which are insider model and outsider model. In outsider systems, such as the UK and US, shareholders r are essentially investors, however, in insider systems, such as Germany and Japan, shareholders are those people closely connected to the company. Insider model: In this model, the commercial banks are usually the companys major shareholders and it has tight shareholder control mechanisms to control and supervise the operation of the company. This pattern is conducive t o the companys long-term development. This is a proactive and positive model. If shareholders are not satisfied with the companys operators, they can directly through the hands vote to express their views. The disadvantage of this model is that the securities market is relatively backward. Financing is mainly through banks, corporate debt ratio is relatively high and controlling over the market is underdeveloped. Furthermore, the information disclosure and insider trading control are far weaker than outsider model. Outsider model: This model indicates that the aim of corporate governance is to safeguard the shareholders benefit; the shareholders are in the dominant position in corporate governance. In fact the implementation of its corporate governance structure is the single-board structure. Companies only set up the board of directors and no board of supervisors. It has well-developed and efficient capital markets, improved the financial audit system, strict information d isclosure system, well-developed market and business managers are closely linked to performance reward mechanism. Under this model, developed and efficient capital markets promote the rational allocation of social resources, so that the competitiveness of enterprises can be improved. But it also has some disadvantages: 1. Operators ignoring long-term interests in order to meet investors in the short-term returns and cost-effective demand; 2. the company often ignores the interests of other stakeholders. Franks and Mayer (1995) argue that both insider model and outsider model may be suitable in different contexts. Insider model may be best appropriate to corporate activities with long-term pay-offs, but may be slow in undertaking necessary remedial action. Outsider model may be better suited to riskier investments requiring large amounts of new capital investment, where it involves well-diversified public owners, but corrective action may be taken impulsively. In a word, a company should choose the suitable model to enhance the corporate performance. Good corporate governance OECD (2004) mentioned that good corporate governance is a significant step in establishing market confidence and encouraging more stable, long-term investment flows. Many countries regard good corporate governance practices as a better way to improve economic performance. Corporate Governance Code published by Financial Reporting Council (2008) mentions that good corporate governance should contribute to better company performance by helping the board to perform their duties well and it also can bring value to shareholders. Good corporate governance can reduce the risk of a company and enhance the shareholders and stakeholders wealth. The good corporate, therefore, can improve the performance of the firm. Recommendations for improving corporate governance Good corporate governance enhances market confidence, integrity and efficiency, thus promoting economic growth and fin ancial stability. A system of corporate governance needs a responsible board of directors, at the same time allowing the board to make profit for the shareholders (Short et al, 1998). While identifying those two objectives of good corporate governance, the Cadbury Reports recommendations were directed towards issues of accountability and control; therefore, a company can improve their corporate governance through the following three ways: Firstly, strengthen the board of structure. In the corporate governance structure, the board can effectively carry out the decision-making and monitor the management. As a result, the strengthen board of structure can protect and maximize stakeholders wealth. Secondly, improve the transparency. If the company can improve the transparency of the operation, it can improve the staffs motivation, increase the reputation in the social and improve the performance. Finally, pay attention to risk management. The company should emphasis on risk management, because of it can help managers choose the best risk response, minimize surprise and losses, identify and manage risks across the organization and seize opportunities. The future of corporate governance There are two tendencies in the corporate governance in the future: Firstly, the company may be more emphasis on social responsibility. Nowadays, the operation of a company is not only related to the stakeholders interests but also influence the social interests. On the other hand, the aim of corporate governance will not only to maximize stakeholder wealth but also emphasis on social responsibility. Secondly, make people-oriented enterprise culture. This kind of enterprise culture requires transform traditional control, monitoring, instructions, management mode to a new one, and fully respects the staff in the company. The company need to create a good interpersonal environment for employees and, mean while, improve the transparency of corporate governance to arousing the enthusiasm of enterprise staff of the company, thus achieve the companys goals. Conclusion Given the length of this paper it seems inappropriate to give a detailed discussion regarding the relationship between enterprise and accountability. However, some brief conclusions can be made. In particular, if a company wants to improve the performance, it should consider the relationship between enterprise and accountability. In the part of mechanisms, a company should also take advantage of various mechanisms to make the corporate governance more effective. Furthermore, a company should also choose a suitable model to enhance its performance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Recent financial scandals exposed questions of corporate governance" essay for you Create order

Holocaust Argument Paper Free Essays

English 112- 10 am March 16, 2013 The Holocaust Dilemma The Holocaust created many broken hearts and hardships that have left the world with a great scar in their history. This terrible event that occurred during WWII in Jewish concentration camps should not be taken lightly when speaking of it. Many scientists believe that good information came about of the Holocaust and although this can be accurate it is wrong to consider using information that was collected through pain, murders, injustices, and inhumane acts of cruelty to Jewish men, women, and children. We will write a custom essay sample on Holocaust Argument Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Heavy experimentation was conducted on unwilling patients in concentration camps during World War II. Experiments on hypothermia, hemorrhage, altitude sickness, air pollution, etc. were conducted on innocent Jewish people with the pretext that Jewish lives were nonetheless already condemned. Much information was obtained through this heavy experimentation thus many doctors and scientist today claim that this information should be used due to the accuracy of human testing compared to animal testing. Lives can be saved with this information; hence the lives of the murdered Jews will not be left in vain. There have been cases where Nazi data could have been relevant and justified to use because of multiple medical advances. Take the chilling/ freezing bodies experiments for consideration; Doctor John Hayward, a Biology Professor at the Victoria University in Vancouver, Canada conducted freezing experiments on willing candidates; however, he did not let the body temperature of his patients drop under 36 degrees. According to Peter Tyson in â€Å"The Experiments,† Hayward tested many methods to find the most efficient and fastest way to rewarm the frozen body. Although he ethically conducted these experiments, they were not nearly as valuable as the experiments compared to the tests conducted by the Nazis in Dachau because they immersed victims in lower temperatures. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also questioned whether or not the data retained from the Holocaust should be utilized when testing air pollutants such as phosgene used in the manufacturing of pesticides and plastic. Phosgene is very dangerous, attacking mainly the lungs and creating a mucus build up leading to death of â€Å"drowning†. EPA had information of phosgene because of animal testing but is not nearly as accurate as human testing. In this case, Nazi data could have been a good resource to help save lives of workers and commuters who were constantly in contact with the air pollutant phosgene. Although it seems logical to turn to the data obtained from Nazi experimentation obtained from tests held in multiple different concentration camps, there are several reasons why this information should not be utilized. First of all there are large physiological differences between malnourished tortured Jews versus the regular average Joe. Second of all the scientific integrity of Nazis is questionable due to extreme prejudice and hate toward the Jewish; third of all the fact that the information attained after Nazi testing was never published creates misgivings in trusting that this data is correct. Scientists and doctors must consider the fact that all Jewish, gypsies, and people with disabilities were very unhealthy during experimentation. Dehydrated, hungry, poisoned, tortured, and so many other things were implemented on these innocent people. How can these test results be primarily employed when these Holocaust victims do not have nearly the same health people do today? According to Doctor Jay Katz of the Yale University School of Law, â€Å"Those experiments revealed nothing which civilized medicine can use† and that, â€Å"gross violation of human standards that they are not to be trusted at all. † Malnourishment and abuse was inflicted to mass groups of concentration camp victims thus their health does not measure up causing information obtained during WWII inaccurate. There are different methods in finding cures for hypothermia, altitude sickness, infectious diseases, etc. hrough heavy scientific research and development. Skepticism is inevitable when the so called experiments conducted by the Nazis to Jews are not published. Maybe it is the fact that much of the data necessary such as: sex, weight, and age are missing in many of the documentations. According to Baruch C. Cohen in the Jewsih Law Article, The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments, â€Å"The data was not recorded from scientific hypothesis and research, but rather, it was inspired and administered through racial ideologies of genocide. Although this abuse was inflicted with the justification that it was mere experimentation, it does not seem safe to use when vital information is absent. Experiments conduce important information; however scientific experimentation is recorded with different body ranges such as: sex, age, weight, medical history, etc. if this information is lacking then wouldn’t there be a large concern that Nazi data will not be accurate enough to help lives today but rather perpetrate medical patients. Yes there is always a risk when surgeries are performed, but personally I would want the information to come from someone who was tested with the same disease to be in similar health than me. Not only was medical experimentation immoral in Nazi concentration camps but there was also other horrid experimentations inflicted on the victims of Holocaust concentration camps. In the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum there are pictures that prove human flesh was utilized for lamp shades and book bindings along with other preserved body parts such as hair and remaining organs from experimentation. Soap made from human bones and flesh was also made from the testing in WWII Holocaust concentration camps. How can one imagine showering while the condensed body of a loved one melts on their skin? How can doctors today still believe it is ok to use all the information gathered through agony, pain, and unjust suffering of innocent Jews? How can a scientist be so lazy to morally and ethically make discoveries through heavy research? It is wrong to use information discovered through the abominable experiments inflicted in concentration camps during the Holocaust when there are other ways to find similar sightings. The inhumane acts of violence and repulsive experiments tested on those who were victims of concentration camps during the Holocaust have created tinted data. Although it may be tempting to review the data discovered though human testing in German concentration camps, scientists and doctors need to find a different method to discover similar data because this information may be inaccurate. As mentioned in previous paragraphs it is unethical and immoral to use the information gathered from scientists in the Holocaust concentration camps because their tests were conducted by prejudice and hatred reasoning. Sources Cited Kor, Eva Mozes. â€Å"Nazi Experiments as Viewed by a Survivor of Mengele’s Experiments. † Caplan, Arthur L. When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust. Totowa: Humana Press, 1992. 7. Book. Cohen, Baruch C. â€Å"The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments. † 1997. Jewish Law Articles. Web. 1 December 2011. Remember. â€Å"Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine. † n. d. Remember. Web. 27 November 2011. Tyson, Peter. â€Å"The Experiments. † October 2000. NOVA Online. Web. 28 November 2011. â€Å"Nazi Propaganda. † 6 January 2011. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 28 November 2011. How to cite Holocaust Argument Paper, Essays

Progressive Immigration System Business Employers

Question: Describe about the Progressive Immigration System for Business Employers. Answer: a) The purpose of progressive immigration system of Australia is heading towards reducing the skills deficiency. The Subclass 457 work visa is a temporary business visa according to which, employers are permitted to sponsor the workers from foreign nations. As per 457 visas, the employers from Australia and foreign countries can sponsor a skilled worker for a period from one day to four years. Moreover, the family members of the workers are also allowed to stay with them and work or study during that period.[1] The requirements of 457 work visa include; i) Employees should be sponsored by eligible employers, ii) Employees must have experience, skills and qualification as required for the position offered iii) Employees must show English language skill by getting score of 5 in IELTS exam. iv) Employees must be eligible for relevant licenses associated with the position. Therefore, Wang would be required to achieve overall cut-off points in all the exams and a minimum score in each component of the exam. The essential scores for each English test are mentioned below: i) Overall score of 5 in IELTS and cut-off score of 4.5 in each section is required, ii) Healthcare Professionals are required to pass Occupational English Test (OET). Also, to be eligible, "B pass" is essential in all sections of test, iii) Overall score of 36 is required in TOEFL iBT. In addition to overall score, listening and reading section requires cut-off score of 3 and speaking and writing section requires cut-off score of 12, iv) Average score of 36 is needed in Pearson Test of English (PTE). Also, cut-off score of 30 is necessary in each section v) Average score of 154 is required in Cambridge Advanced English (CAE). In addition, cut-off score of 147 in needed in each section. All the applicants must meet the essential requirement of English Language Testing for achieving work visa unless one of the following exceptions applies on them (acacia-au, 2015); i) They are passport holder of countries such as the UK, Canada, USA, Ireland or New Zealand; ii) They have completed the education of 5 years up to secondary or tertiary level through English medium iii) They are to be paid an amount of $96,400 over the English Language Skills Exemption Threshold (ELSET).[2] b) If Tran is eligible to apply for a worker to come to Australia and follow all the essential requirements of an employer under 457 visas, he can sponsor Wang. However, his demand of money in exchange is illegal and if Tran agrees to pay the amount, it would be considered as illegal on his part too. Under new civil and criminal penalties and visa cancellation provisions formed in 2015, as a part of 'paying for visa sponsorship', various sanctions are imposed on a person who demands, offers, or provides an advantage in exchange of visa sponsorship or employment as, this type of conduct is considered as unacceptable by the government of Australia.[3] On the other hand, as mentioned in the case, there is an English language problem with Wang; he must have to qualify all the language tests as desired by the 457 visa or he might fulfill all the criteria desired for exemption from the tests. If else, they would be found guilty, civil penalty provisions will be applied on both of them being employer and employee for breaching the Migration Act of Australia.[4] In sponsorship related civil penalty provisions, a penalty is to be paid by the alleged person as a substitute.[5] For work related civil penalty also, a penalty is to be paid as a substitute.[6] c) Skilled Migration visas provide an opportunity to the workers who are skilled to stay and get employment in Australia. According to the General Skilled Migration Program of Australia, migrants or workers who possess certain skills can apply for the permanent visa of Australia on the basis of their qualification, work experience, and language ability. A skilled worker program known as SkillSelect was introduced by the Australian immigration in 2012. The interested person is needed to present an Expression of Interest (EOI) before applying for visa. The SkillSelect is an electronic two-stage procedure according to which, potential visa applicants have to raise demand for skilled immigration through an online EOI. On the basis of EOI, applicants are then invited to submit their application for Australian visa. The selection of the applicants is considered on the basis of score candidate obtain in their points test which involves various selection standards. All the applicants must fulfill the English language requirements essential for the visa. They are required to obtain their essential skills assessment before submission of EOI. Thus, if Ada wants to apply for migration to Australia under the skilled visa, she is required to submit an EOI before applying for visa. On the basis of her EOI, she might be invited for submitting her application. Meanwhile, she has to qualify the point test score and English language requirement which is also essential for Australian visa.[7] For the purpose of immigration to Australia, applicants are required to score cut-off points in the Points Test Score. Points are given in test on the basis of English language proficiency, age, educational background, and many more parameters.[8] She must apply under Skilled Independent visa (Subclass 189). Skilled Independent visa (Subclass 189) are applicable to the workers, who have cleared their points test score and are skilled and are not being backed by any organization or family or selected by a state or provincial government. When they are considered as eligible to apply, they are required to choose an occupation mentioned on the related skilled occupation list.[9] They must have achieved skills desired for the nominated occupation. They must be below the age of 50 years and have at least competent English language knowledge. They are required to attain the score mentioned in the invitation letter on the basis of elements in the points test.[10] d) Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) codes is a search facility that gives latest information on General Skilled Migration visas for subclass 189, 190 and 489. It is a skills based classification system which can be utilized by the users to sort all professions in Australia as well as New Zealand. They can also compare the occupation statistics which is being produced by both the countries. This web based search function provides a keyword and a list of possible occupation titles which when clicked shows the definition of occupation.[11] The ANZSCO code for Ada's occupation of pediatric nurse should be 254411 as Nurse Practitioner. The responsibility of assessing the skills needed for migration lies with Assessing authorities. The assessing authority in case of Ada should be Medical Board of Australia (MBA) and Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council(ANMAC).[12] e) The age of Ada is 33 years and she has obtained her Bachelors degree in Nursing from Birmingham University (UK). Her work experience at Queen Mary Hospital (QMH) in Hong Kong is over 5 years. She obtained a score of 6 in IELTS test in all 4 test components. Her sister is an Australian citizen who is ready to sponsor her and her family for migration if required. Ada is applying for Skilled Independent (subclass 189) visa. Thus, she needs to obtain 60 points pass marks. i) According to the age criteria, she is 33 years; she is eligible for 25 pass points. ii) In English language ability test criteria, she obtained a score of 6 in IELTS test in all 4 test components; she has not scored any points as there are 0 points for a score of 6 in test. iii) Her work experience at Queen Mary Hospital (QMH) in Hong Kong is over 5 years. Hence, she is eligible for 10 points under abroad employment in nominated skilled occupation. iv) Her score for educational qualifications should be 15 pass points as she has obtained her bachelors degree in Nursing from recognized University. v) Her sister is an Australian citizen and she is ready to sponsor her and her family for migration if required, she can receive 10 points under the criteria of points for sponsorship by an eligible family member but to avail this facility, she must have to apply for visa under subclass 489. Therefore, her total point score will be 25+ 10 + 15 = 50. The minimum pass points for Visa subclass 189 is 60 points and she has scored 50 points. She has not passed the point score test essential for obtaining the visa of Australia.[13] Her score affects the visa she applied for and she should opt for the sponsorship visa subclass as her sister is eligible to sponsor her. She would achieve 10 points if her sister sponsors her and she would then be eligible for the visa under subclass 489. Therefore, it is recommended that if she is applying for visa of Australia, she should apply under subclass 489 instead of subclass 189; otherwise she would fail the points score test. f) The cost to be paid for the visas changes from time to time and it is based on the date on which the application of visa is received by the authorities.[14] If the price increases between the period of lodging application and receiving of application, the applicant is required to pay the increased charges for the application. Under current visa pricing table, for Skilled Independent (subclass 189) and even if she changes her option and apply for subclass 489, she is required to pay $3600 as base application charges as she comes under the category 12a or 12d respectively according to the subclass in which she is applying. Her husband is also applying for the visa, so additional applicant charges for her husband would be $1800. The age of her son is 10 years; she has to pay additional applicant charges of $900. Therefore, she has to pay $6300 as application charges for Visa of Australia. Moreover, under the category of 12a, if the applicants are assessed as not possessing functional En glish, she would be required to pay the additional second installment of $4885. Therefore, the visa application charge to be paid by Ada would be $6300 along with the second installment of $4885 due to lack of functional English criteria. References Acacia,Online Points Test for Skilled Migration(2016) Acacia-au.com https://www.acacia-au.com/skilled-migration-points-test.php Anzscosearch,Search by Assessing Authority(2014) Anzscosearch https://www.anzscosearch.com/search-by-assessing-authority-post/ AustLII,Migration Regulations 1994(2016) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/mr1994227/ AustLII,Migration Regulations 1994 - REG 5.20Acivil Penalty Provisions(2016) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/mr1994227/s5.20a.html AustLII,MIGRATION ACT 1958 - SECT 5Interpretation(2016) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ma1958118/s5.html Australian Bureau of Statistics,1220.0 - ANZSCO - Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations, 2013, Version 1.2(2016) Abs.gov.au https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/1220.0Search02013,%20Version%201.2 Australian Government,Work Visa Scams(2015) Border.gov.au https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Work/Work-1# Australian Government,Skilled Independent Visa (Subclass 189)(2016) Border.gov.au https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/189- Australian Government,Fees and Charges for Visas(2016) Border.gov.au https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa/Fees# Australian Visa Bureau,Australia Skilled Immigration Points Test - Australian Visa Bureau(2016) Visabureau.com https://www.visabureau.com/australia/immigration-points-test.aspx Australian Visa Bureau,Australia Skilled Visa Requirements(2016) Visabureau.com https://www.visabureau.com/australia/visa-requirement.aspx Webster, Mark,Average Band Scores Accepted for 485 and 457 Visa English Tests | Acacia | Immigration Australia(2015) Acacia-au.com https://www.acacia-au.com/average-band-scores-accepted-for-485-and-457-English-Tests.php Work Permit,457 Work Visa | Australian Skilled Immigration(2016) https://www.workpermit.com/australia/457-work-visa.htm Work Permit,Australia Visa | General Skilled Migration (GSM) Program | Australian Immigration Visas(2012) Workpermit.com https://www.workpermit.com/australia/general-skilled-migration.htm