Nanda and Warms, Bodley, Lee Study Guide - 1662 Words

Anthropology 03 Readings- Nanda and Warms: Chapters 1-3,5 Bodley: Chapters 1-2 Lee: entire book (including Appendix A and B) Videos: â€Å"First Contact† â€Å"Bushmen of the Kalahari† â€Å"N!ai† Topics: Concept of culture- The learned, symbolic, at least partially adaptive and ever-changing patterns of behavior and meaning shared by members of a group. - Almost all behavior is learned - Cultural norms and values are shared by people - All Cultures change Pidgin English- A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common. (Masta- John Marshall, Bird- Airplane) - Pidgins develop when people who speak different languages come together.†¦show more content†¦They said that they finally have a white man of their own and why did it take so long for him to get there. They expected good things like gifts, and requested that if he have anything to give, give it to only them. Foraging and consequences- The Dobe were known to be hunters and gatherers and pursued their way of life without agriculture and hardly any domesticated animals They had to travel long distances to collect food as well as find animals to hunt. Once a hunted animal was hit, they had to track it. Because food was scarce, the Dobe people shared whatever food was collected with everyone. â€Å"Local knowledge† (Of Environment)- Dobe people know how to hunt and track animals. They know what to eat and what not to eat as well as how to get water. They also know at what times its best do things because climate is crucial Importance of kinship- Kinship is the central organizing principle of societies. - Only a short list of names for both men and women. - Names are inherited from ancestors and every child must be named for somebody - Children cannot be named after parents - Nicknames (Short, Tall) - Wii shows how a supposedly rigid family system can be flexible and allow change. Reciprocity- They share with everyone because it enhances their chances of

Empiricism Is The Theory That Experience - 1202 Words

Empiricism is the theory that experience, rather than reason, is the source of knowledge, and in this sense it is opposed to rationalism. This general thesis can receive different emphases and refinements; therefore, philosophers who have been labeled empiricists are united generally and may differ in various ways. The Empiricist Revolution helped facilitate discussion on real world, political problems. Since this revolution, philosophers and political theorists have developed two different ideas on what politics should be about and how a government should be ran: politics should be about making citizens more virtuous vs politics should be about the â€Å"basics† like security and property rights. Throughout this paper, I will be analyzing these two different outlooks on politics and presenting a case for both. Thomas Hobbes believed that the government should essentially limit itself to the protection of property and persons. Hobbes thought that power derived from the office, not from the people. Things like virtue, social equality, and welfare were not important. To protect themselves and their government Hobbes believed that it was imperative, natural and rational for people to give up some liberty in order to gain security of self-preservation. This is called the Social Contract. The concept of the Social Contract Theory is that, in the beginning, man lived in the state of nature where life was, â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short† (page 619). In this state everyShow MoreRelatedEmpiricism Vs. Positivist Theory Of Knowledge1053 Words   |  5 Pages One of the theories found in epistemology is the theory of empiricism. Empiricism is the belief that knowledge is gained through experience, that there is no such thing as â€Å"innate knowledge,† or knowledge that one is born with. 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This synthesis illustrated a process by which knowledge might be obtained through both ways illustrated in the two philosophies. This synthesis

Production of Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites free essay sample

The growing interest in the past to produce green materials that can reduce the problem involving waste materials by non-fibrous materials led to the development of natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) also known as â€Å"water lily† is an aquatic plant which is found floating freely in the surface of fresh waters. Its rate of proliferation under certain circumstances is extremely rapid and cause infestations over large areas of water leading to a variety of problems. Hence, water hyacinth can be obtained without any additional cost. Water hyacinth is considered the most productive plant on earth as it yields more than 200 tons of dry matter per hectare per year under normal conditions. On water containing high concentrations of sewage, it yields up to 657 tons of dry matter per hectare. Water hyacinth fiber, the subject of the present study, is a waste product and found to be a potential for reinforcement in plastics. We will write a custom essay sample on Production of Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Recently, a lot of researches produced fiber reinforced materials. Reinforcements with polyethylene, polypropylene and other thermoplastic polymers are mixed to produce efficient composites. Natural fibers including wood, kenaf, coir, pineapple, rice starch and etc. are used to combine with the polymers. Addition of fibers in the materials will affect the mechanical, thermal and water absorbent properties. Although, many researchers experimented with different types of organic materials, there have been a few studies on water hyacinth and its fibers. A fiber based biocomposite material contains polymers reinforced with natural fiber using natural fibers in biocomposites has various advantages, among which are: a) the material made from natural fibers will make it partially biodegradable; b) some fiber-based composites is somewhat expensive to make; c) natural fiber, in this research water hyacinth, is currently disposed and just decompose if not used. Likewise, Table 1. 1 shows some advantages of commercial composites as well as its disadvantages resulted from the study conducted by Peter (2002). Table 1. 1: List of Advantages and Disadvantages of Comm. Composites. (Peter, 2002) ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Longer life (no corrosion ),better fatigue life Matrix Weakness Reduced weight Difficult to attach Reduced manufacturing costs Non-destructive testing tedious Increased/Decreased thermal or electrical Transverse properties may be weak Conductivity One good application of fiber reinforced thermoplastic is possible for ceiling tiles. Ceiling tiles are lightweight, inexpensive and attractive and can be used in a variety of ways: crafts, photo backdrops, sound control, wall decor and more. The researchers will be utilized water hyacinth fibers as thermoplastic composites for ceiling tiles. Commercial Ceiling Insulation System 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aimed to produce reinforced thermoplastic ceiling tiles using water hyacinth (Eicchorniacrassipes) fiber by compression molding. Specifically it aimed to: 1. Produce fiber reinforced thermoplastic treated and untreated with coupling agent from fibers of water hyacinth (Eicchorniacrassipes). 1. 1 0% (control) 1. 2 10% fiber mix 1. 3 20% fiber mix 1. 4 30% fiber mix 2. Determine the physical and mechanical properties of the fiber reinforced thermoplastic ceiling tiles treated and untreated with coupling agent. Tensile strength 2. 2 Water absorption 2. 3 Flame Retardancy 3. Identify the product with the best physical and mechanical properties will be compared to thecommercially available plywood. 1. 3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Here in the Philippines, particularly in Laguna de Bay, water hyacinth is considered a nuisance. â€Å"These plants now cover some 20% of the lake’s surface area,† said Edgardo Manda, general manager of Laguna Lake Development Authority. He added that such proliferation threatens survival of aquatic species there since these plants block sunlight’s penetration into the water. This research can help in reducing propagation of water hyacinth by utilizing these plants’ fibers in the production of a new product that may be used as a substitutefor the commercial ceiling insulation materials. This study is beneficial to the individuals who produce thermoplastic ceiling tiles, which has a good tensile strength and to set further development of thermoplastic composites. Lastly, the study aimed to benefit future researchers as to do further study and to utilize effective reinforcement of fibers to produce thermoplastic ceiling tiles. 1. This study focused on the synthesis of fiber reinforced plastic from water hyacinth (Eicchorniacrassipes) and to determine the effects of coupling agent, acetic anhydride, to the tiles. The size of the desired sample will be 7. 5† x7. 5† x 0. 5mm. The study also focused on the physical properties, particularly the tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption test, and flame retardancy. The scope included compounding of water hyacinth fiber and polypropylene using two-roll mill machine, and molding by compression molding machine only. Therefore, the study did not cover the biodegradability, other methods of molding, the orientation of the fibers mixed with the matrix and the production cost of the thermoplastic ceiling tiles as the financial and the time span of the study suggests. The product was compared to plywood. 1. 5 DEFINITION OF TERMS Brominated flame retardants these accounts for 21% by weight (32% by value) of all flame retardants worldwide and are suitable for many types of plastic. Ceiling tiles- a horizontal surface that forms the top part or roof inside a room. Composites – pertains to materials made with two or  more constituents with observable difference in physical and chemical properties Flame Retardant Flame retardants are chemicals which are added to many materials to increase their fire safety. For example, many plastics are highly flammable and therefore their fire resistance is increased by adding flame retardants in order to reduce the risk of fire. Flexural Test – test for the maximum stress in the outermost fiber. This is calculated at the surface of the specimen on the convex or tension side. Matrix – a material in which the reinforcement material is embedded. Tensile Strength a measure of the ability of a material to withstand a longitudinal stress, expressed as the greatest stress that the material can stand without breaking Thermoplastic – is a type of plastic that becomes liquid when heated and turn into glass-like material when frozen. Water Absorption The amount of water absorbed by a composite material (water hyacinth fiber reinforced plastic) when immersed in water for a stipulated period of time. Water Hyacinth – is an aquatic plant found in the surface of the fresh water. CHAPTER 2 Conceptual Framework/ Plastics have been one of the most highly valued materials mainly because of their extraordinary versatility and low cost. Figure 2. 1. Classification of Bioplastics Adopted from Handbook of Bioplastics and BiocompositesEnginnering Application, (Pilla, 2011) Bioplastic and plastic can be produced with three possible sources as shown in Figure 2. 1. First, it came from the most common source the petroleum, then, from thestarchy material and lastly, from the cellulosic material. Today, plastic derived from petroleum products are widely used. Many studies already conducted application of product containing starch turn into plastic. Sriroth et. al. (2000) made plastic from cassava starch and other researchers conducted experiments to produce plastic with another different starch containing products. The natural fibre extracted from different sources has shown promising results as reinforcement to thermoplastics. When isolated into nano scale, these fibres have values of tensile strength and modulus comparable to glass fibre. Natural fibres are lightweight material, with properties of high specific modulus, non-abrasive in the processing equipments, renewable, biodegradable and  recyclable that allows them to compete against other man-made materials like fossil materials and fibreglass. The rapid growth of natural fibre composites is related to economic, technological, social and environmental issues. (Souza et. al. 2010) 2. 2 CELLULOSE FIBERS In the study conducted by Sullivan (1996), cellulose derived from plants are investigated and found the possible pre-treatments and explained the parts of the fiber obtained. The structure is defined and how it acts as potential use for advance in plastic technology. Cellulose fibers are found to have their thermal stability with noticeable degradation occurring as the melt processing temperature approaches 200oC. This excludes some manufacturing processes and limits the type of thermoplastic that can be used as matrix material like polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethylene. Typical chemical composition of a water hyacinth material is listed on Table 2. 1. It clearly shows that on a dry basis, water hyacinth contains greater percentage of hemicellulose in it, next is the cellulose and the least content is the lignin. Table 2. 1. Chemical Composition of Water Hyacinth (Poddar et. al. , 1991) Component Wt % Moisture Cellulose 85-95 Organic matter (dry basis) 18-31 Hemicelluloses 18-43 Lignin 7-26 Ash (dry basis) 15-26 2. 3 ALKALI TREATMENT ON CELLULOSE Alkali treatment on cellulose is a chemical method which can change the constituents of fibers. The alkali treatment causes swelling, leading to an increase in internal surface area, a decrease in the degree of polymerization, a decrease in crystallinity, separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of the lignin structure. The primary functions of the matrix are to transfer stresses between the reinforcing fibers (hold fibers together) and protect the fibers from mechanical and/or environmental damages. A basic requirement for a matrix material is that its strain at break must be larger than the fibers it is holding. Typically, the matrix has a considerably lower density, stiffness (modulus), and strength than those of the reinforcing fiber material, but the combination of the two main constituents (matrix and fiber) produces  high strength and stiffness, while still possessing a relatively low density. Most matrices are made of resins for their wide variation in properties and relatively low cost. Common resin materials include epoxy, phenolic, polyester, polypropylene, polyurethane, and vinyl ester. Among these resin materials, polyesters are the most widely used. Epoxies, which have higher adhesion and less shrinkage than polyesters, come in second for their higher costs 2. 5 COUPLING AGENT A coupling agent improves the bond between filter and resin. A coupling agent for glass fibers is called a coupling finish. This term is not to be confused with coupling size, which is a lubricant that facilitates operations like winding. (Elias, 2003) Fiber to matrix adhesion plays a very important role in the reinforcement of composites with short fibers. To have composites with excellent mechanical properties, the load must be transferred effectively from the matrix to fibers. Although mechanisms of stress transfer are not clear, it has been postulated that it takes place through shearing interface. A lot of studies have been conducted on various composite materials either to improve the efficiency of the interface in transferring stress or to understand the mechanism involved. According to Elias (2003), there are two types of coupling agents: Non-reactive and reactive coupling agents. Non-reactive coupling agents such absorb on the surface of the fillers. They establish physical bonds (hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole and/or van der Waals interactions between the agent and the resin molecules. On the other hand, glass fibers and several mineral fillers such as clays, mica, kaolin, and aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) are treated with reactive coupling agents, mainly silicon derivatives. Coupling agents typically have fairly low molecular weight chemicals with chemical end groups (functionality) for chemical reaction to both an inorganic particle surface (normally a particle, of nanometric or micron size, or a fibre) with one of the end groups and to a polymer molecule with the other end. They may be also used to bond polymers onto metallic surfaces. (Nelson,2010) Esterification is the chemical process for making esters, which are compounds of the chemical structure R-COOR, where R and R are either alkyl or aryl groups. The most common method for preparing esters is to heat a carboxylic acid, R-CO-OH, with an alcohol, R-OH, while removing the water that is formed. A mineral acid catalyst is usually needed to make the reaction occur at a useful rate. Esters can also be formed by various other reactions. These include the reaction of an alcohol with an acid chloride (R-CO-Cl) or an anhydride (R-CO-O-COR). Early studies into the chemical mechanism of esterification, concluded that the ester product (R-CO-OR) is the union of the acyl group (R-C=O-) from the acid, RCO-OH, with the alkoxide group (RO-) from the alcohol, R-OH rather than other possible combinations. (Loudon, G. Mark. OrganicChemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ) 2. 7 COMPOSITES There are several types of composites, the polymer matrix composite, metal mix composite, ceramic matrix composite and carbon-carbon matrix composite. Before, cellulosic fillers became a potential to replace non-fibrous fillers as the application of thermoplastic materials became popular. But then, lack of good surface adhesion of substances and poor resistance to moisture absorption made the reinforced composites unappealing. Various methods have been done to increase the adhesion of the materials used for reinforced composites like isocyanate, acrylation, latex coating, acetylation, peroxide, permanganate, silane and alkali treatment as coupling agent have been carried out to improve the properties of the thermoplastic composite. The manufacture of fiber-reinforced composites has multi-step process which includes the extraction of the fiber from the plant, chemical treatment to reduce it to its fibrous form and reduced its size and combined with synthetic polymer material. Techniques are then used to mold the final product. Even though plastics are thought of a common problem, still, it is believed that this new advance should suggest the chance for reduced environmental issues, reduced energy consumption, light weight, insulation and reduced dependence on petroleum and wood based products. Polymer can be divided into two groups according to their thermal processing behaviour, thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermoplastic composites are composites that use thermoplastic polymer as a matrix. These plastics can be melt processed by a variety of method including extrusion and molding, like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyreneand polyvinyl chloride. A thermoplastic polymer is a long chain polymer that can be either amorphous in structure or semi-crystalline. These polymers are long chain, medium to high molecular weight materials, whose general properties are those of toughness, resistance to chemical attack and recyclability. Thermoplastic polymers used in thermoplastic composites can be divided into two classes, high temperature thermoplastics and the engineering thermoplastics. The classification is based on the maximum service temperature of the polymers, which in turn is based on the Glass Transition (Tg) temperature. This is the temperature at which the amorphous portion of the polymer changes from a glassy to a rubbery phase on heating. Thermoset polymers may not usefully carry mechanic loads above Tg, but semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymers may carry load above Tg, as only the amorphous phase of the polymer has become rubbery. The crystalline portion of the polymer remains solid until the melt temperature, Tm. 2. 9 POLYPROPYLENE 2. 9. 1 Properties of Polypropylene Polypropylene has a linear structure and its monomer (or the basic structural unit that binds together to form the chain) is represented by the formula of CnH2n, where n is the number of atoms. Its cost of production is not very high. It can be obtained from propylene gas with the help of titanium chloride as a catalyst. Some of the essential properties of polypropylene are as follows: Weight Polypropylene is a lightweight material. Tensile strength Its tensile strength is quite high. It shows strong resistance towards stress and cracking. Shape Polypropylene is crystalline in nature and possesses a regular geometrical shape. Insulation It acts as an excellent insulator. That means, polypropylene prevents flow of electricity through it. Moisture Absorption Polypropylene does not get damaged by water exposure because its moisture absorption is very low. Melting Point Melting point of polypropylene is 160 °C. Therefore, unlike other polymers like polyethylene, it is capable of being operational at a very high temperature. Corrosion This polymer remains unaffected when it comes in contact with chemicals such as alkaline substances, acids, de-greasing agents, electrolytic attacks, etc. However, its resistance towards aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents and ultraviolet radiation is not very strong. Other useful properties: Basically, it is a non-toxic substance. It does not get stained very easily. It can be easily fabricated. It can retain its stiffness and flexibility intact even at very high temperatures. Figure 2. 2: Structure of Polypropylene 2. 10 TENSILE TESTING Tensile test is a measurement of the ability of a material to withstand forces that tend to pull it apart and to what extent the material stretches before breaking. The stiffness of a material which represented by tensile modulus can be determined from stress-strain diagram. 2. 11 FLEXURAL STRENGTH Flexural strength is the maximum stress in the outer specimen at the moment of break. When the homogeneous elastic material is tested with three-point system, the maximum stress occurs at the midpoint. This stress can be evaluated for any point on the load deflection curve using equation (2. The absorbed moisture affects the fibre/matrix interface and hence the mechanical and physical properties of the composites. The reduced effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical properties has been attributed to the improved fibre/matrix bonding which reduce the moisture-caused fibre-matrix debonding. The molar absorption of water by the composites at the given interval time Q was calculated from (Springer, 1981): Where W1 is the weight of the dry sample and W2 is the weight of wet sample. 2. 13 FLAME RETARDANT Flame retardant are substances that can be chemically inserted into the polymer molecule or be physically blended in polymers after polymerization to suppress, reduce, delay or modify the propagation of a flame through a plastic material. Antimony Trioxide as flame retardant Antimony Trioxide is used mainly in fire retardant formulations for plastics, rubbers, textiles, paper and paints. Further, Antimony Trioxide can be used as an additive in glass and ceramic products and as a catalyst in the chemical industry. Occupational exposure may occur during mining, processing and smelting of antimony ores, in glass and ceramics production, and during the manufacture and use of products containing antimony trioxide. Antimony trioxide and pentoxide do not react as flame-retardants directly. Applications include: for wide range of plastics, rubbers, paper and textiles, catalyst in PET production, activator in glass industry, flocculant in titanium dioxide production, paints and adhesives industries, pigments and ceramic frites. According to Yepez (2005) the most commonly used for testing flammability is Match Flame Test. This requires small scale fire tests. Specimen must be dry and exposed to flame from a common wood kitchen-type match. During the exposure, flaming shall not spread over the complete length of the sample or in excess of 4 inches from the bottom of the sample. There shall not be more than two seconds after flame. Material that break and drip flaming particles shall be rejected if the materials continue to burn after they reach the floor. 2. 15 Antimony Trioxide as Fire Retardant This is a synergistic flame retardant which is always used with either brominated flame retardants, chlorinated flame retardants or chlorinated polymers such as PVC. It is very effective at fairly low concentrations so that the amounts of brominated flame retardant used can be halved. Typically about 3% antimony oxide can replace about 10% of brominated flame retardant. CHAPTER 3 Review of Related Literature 3. 1. Reinforcement of Cellulose fibers Reinforcement of cellulose fibers in composite materials started since grass and straw were used as reinforcement in mud bricks. The use of reinforcement in the past is widely used in automotive industry. The sources of fibrous material according to the part of the plant are classified as: 1. Leaf Fibers – the fibers run lengthwise through the leaves of most monocotyledonous plants including sisal, abaca and the like. 2. Bast Fibers – the fibers come from the inner bark of the stems of dicotyledenous plants including hemf, kenaf, jute and flax 3. Grass or reeds – the fibrous part is found in the stems of monocotyledonous plants which includes bamboo and sugar cone. 3. 2 Modifications Modifications can be made in order to produce quality plastic. There are examples of reduced energy demand by applying pre-treatments before mechanical treatments and successfully isolated cellulose materials (Henrikkson et. al. , 2007; Paakko et. al, 2007) Nakagaito and Yano (2008), modified nanocellulose fibers by NaOH treatment, which resulted in superior performance of the fibers and a further improvement in the toughness and elongation. Most cellulose and microcellulose is obtained from forestry products as forests are large and in some countries an important resource. On the other hand, agricultural fibers also offer cellulose and recent studies have shown that fruit-based agricultural fibers can be used to obtain this kind of material. Habibi, et. al. (2009), extracted cellulose from pear fruits while Zuluaga et. al. (2009), obtained nano-fibers from banana. There are many ways on how to produce cellulose material. Pohleret. al. (2010) characterized the different outcomes with different chemical pre-treatment and methods and evaluated each. Modification includes the physical combination of two polymerand the combination of the non-polymetric material. Usually the characteristics of composites include comprise high strength, high modulus, low density and excellent resistance to fatigue, creep rupture, corrosion and wear. Polypropylene is commonly used as matrix of composite as it has low processing temperature (below 230o) which will not degrade the fiber. Polypropylene is one of the successful commodity synthetic polymers. It is commonly used because of its low density (0. 905 g/cm3), high crystallinity, stiffness and toughness. (Supri 2009) In the presence of a coupling agent, the water uptake was reduced as better interfacial bonding was proven. 3. 3 Alkaline pre-treatment Alkaline pre-treatment disrupts the lignin structure and helps to separate the structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates. (Dufresne et. al. , 1997; Wang and Sain, 2007) Alkaline pre-treatment should be controlled to avoid undesirable cellulose degradation and to ensure that hydrolysis occurs only at the fiber surface (Bhatnagar and Sain, 2005; Wang and Sain, 2007) so that intact nanofibers can be obtained. Table 3. 1 List of some coupling agent studied for cellulosic materials and plasticsystems. Chtourou, et. al. 1992, Gatenholm, et. al, Anhydride 1992, 1993. Rozman et. al, 1994. Maldas andKokta, 1989, 1990, 1991. Epoxides Rowelle et. al. 1982 Silane Beshay et. al. , 1985; Raj et. al 1989,1990. Nelson J. K (2010) also gave emphasis to the significance of a coupling agent. The importance of a coupling agent to the surface of a particle is that it sets the stage for the quality and properties of the interface region involving the polymer matrix resumes its normal properties. Another importance of coupling agent, though not-always-stated, is to prevent interactions with, and interference from, the presence of water. Pre-treatments of natural fibers in fiber-reinforced composites repeatedly show improvement in tensile properties upon different modifications owing to the increased fiber-matrix adhesion. 3. 4 Cellulose Composites A composite is defined as a material that combines two or more distinct constituents or phases, where one or more discontinuous phases (reinforcements) are dispersed in another continuous phase (matrix) in order to obtain tailor-made characteristics and properties. (Mussig, 2010) Development of composites based on cellulosic material is rather new but rapidly evolving area. Polymer composites are a polymer matrix composite in which the fillers are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension. When the fillers or reinforcements are celluloses, the resulting composites are referred as cellulose composites or cellulose composites. (Schadler, et. al. , 2007) In 2001, Sarkar et. al. , made a study on the effects of alkali treatment on jute fibers which made alkali treatment as a potential to produce competent composite material. It is found that there was an improvement in the crystallinity in the jute fibers by an observable increase in modulus. Also, the percent breaking strain was reduced. (ICME 2011) It is concluded that the Young’s modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength of the water hyacinth-polypropylene composites increases as fiber loading increases. It is also found that all of the properties were better for treated water hyacinth-polypropylene composites than with raw water hyacinth-polypropylene composites. The tensile strength of the composites decreased with an increase of the water hyacinth fiber loading. But, the 15wt% treated water hyacinth fibers reinforced polypropylene composite revealed better tensile properties than equivalent raw water hyacinth-polypropylene composites. The water hyacinth fibers which were treated increased interfacial bonding between the matrix and fibers. Thermoplastics Based on book of Biron (2007), polymer composites are made from polymer matrix, thermoset or thermoplastics. Hybrids combine plastics or composites such as metal, wood and other source. The composite properties depend on the matrix used, the reinforcement material and how the adhesion effectively occurred between the fiber and the matrix based on different techniques that may be done in order to produce effective composites. The matrix ensured the cohesion, distribution and lessens the impacts and stresses to protect the product. Thermoplastics reinforced from polypropylene are found to have many applications like countertops, coatings and etc. as it exhibits high corrosion resistance, abrasion and impact resistance. Some of the studied systems, involving cellulosic material and thermoplastic matrices are listed below: Table 3. 2. List of some cellulosic material/ thermoplastic system studied System Studied

Reed Essays - Reed College, Reed, Employment, Business, Music

Reed How did you first become interested in Reed and why do you think Reed might be an appropriate place, both socially and academically, to continue your education? I could tell you a heartfelt, sentimental, poignant story about first seeing a Reed College refrigerator magnet (my uncle got it at a reunion, I think) and feeling first deep emotions stirring somewhere inside my spleen. Or I could meticulously paraphrase the numerous brochures and articles about Reed that I have perused. Yet another option would be to rent a small airplane and skywrite, I want to go to Reed, in colorful pollutants. And I probably would resort to one of these strategies, had I not some real incentives to attend Reed College. They are based on what I have learned from The Princeton Review, general knowledge, conversations I have overheard, and other miscellaneous tidbits of information sent to me by friends and relatives. First of all, I must express my admiration to the people who have decided that education is, after all, the purpose and responsibility of a college and established the precedence of academics over sports at Reed college. I'd like to attend a school where I, a debater, will not be viewed as a second-class citizen by football players. Secondly, the notoriety of great educational standards has reached me all the way in Vancouver (OK, so it is only across the river) and enticed, attracted, and urged me to apply to Reed. Rumors of the side effects of avalanches of homework and sleepless nights have crept here, too, but I'm up to the challenge. After two years of juggling high school, college, and extracurricular activities, receiving assignments only at one place just might be paradise. Lastly, Reed's geographical location is just like pretty wrapping paper and a big red bow on a present that's already great ( forgive the allusions to the Haagen-Dasz commercials). Living in Portland, I would be simultaneously away from my family in Vancouver--and as close as I might need to be! Not only would I have the opportunity to become better acquainted with Portland, but also to judge at debate tournaments for my old high school! The possibilities are mouthwatering. Jokes aside, I believe that attending Reed will be one of the most sensible things I might do in my whole life. Learning is what I do best, and at Reed I will have the perfect opportunity to excel at it. Acceptance Essays

The Revolutionary War Hero Ethan Allen

The Revolutionary War Hero Ethan Allen Ethan Allen was born in Litchfield, Connecticut in 1738. He fought in the American Revolutionary War. Allen was the leader of the Green Mountain Boys and along with Benedict Arnold captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775 in what was the first American victory of the war. After Allen’s attempts to have Vermont become a state failed, he then unsuccessfully petitioner to have Vermont become part of Canada. Vermont became a state two years after Allen’s death in 1789. Early Years Ethan Allen was born on January 21, 1738, to Joseph and Mary Baker Allen in Litchfield, Connecticut, Shortly after birth, the family moved to the neighboring town of Cornwall. Joseph wanted him to attend Yale University, but as the oldest of eight children, Ethan was forced to run the family property upon Josephs’ death in 1755.   Around 1760, Ethan made his first visit to the New Hampshire Grants, which is presently in the state of Vermont. At the time, he was serving in the Litchfield County militia fighting in the Seven Years’ War. In 1762, Ethan married Mary Brownson and they had five children.  After Mary’s death in 1783, Ethan married Frances Fanny Brush Buchanan in 1784 and they had three children. The beginning of the Green Mountain Boys Although Ethan served in the French and Indian War, he did not see any action.  After the war, Allen purchased land near the New Hampshire Grants in what is now Bennington, Vermont. Shortly after purchasing this land, a dispute arose between New York and New Hampshire over the land’s sovereign ownership. In 1770, in response to a New York Supreme Court ruling that the New Hampshire Grants were invalid, a militia named the â€Å"Green Mountain Boys† was formed in order to keep their land free and clear from the so-called â€Å"Yorkers†.  Allen was named as their leader and the Green Mountain Boys used intimidation and sometimes violence in order to force the Yorkers to leave. Role in the American Revolution At the onset of the Revolutionary War, the Green Mountain Boys immediately joined forces with the Continental Army. The Revolutionary War officially began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.  A major consequence of the â€Å"Battles† was the Siege of Boston whereby colonial militiamen surrounded the city in an attempt to keep the British Army from leaving Boston. After the siege began, Massachusetts military governor for the British, General Thomas Gage realized the importance of Fort Ticonderoga and sent a dispatch to General  Guy Carleton, Quebec’s governor, ordering him to send additional troops and munitions to Ticonderoga. Before the dispatch could reach Carleton in Quebec, the Green Mountain Boys led by Ethan and in a joint effort with Colonel Benedict Arnold were ready to attempt to overthrow the British at Ticonderoga.  At the break of dawn on May 10, 1775, the Continental Army won the first American victory of the young war when it crossed Lake Champlain and a force that numbered around one hundred militiamen overran the fort and captured the British forces while they slept. There was not a single soldier killed on either side nor were there any serious injuries during this battle. The following day, a group of the Green Mountain Boys led by Seth Warner took Crown Point, which was another British fort just a few miles north of Ticonderoga.   One major result of these battles was that colonial forces now had the artillery that they would need and use throughout the War. Ticonderoga’s location made the perfect staging ground for Continental Army to initiate their first campaign during the Revolutionary War – an invasion of into the British-held province of Quebec, Canada. Attempt to Overtake Fort St. John In May, Ethan led a detachment of 100 Boys to overtake Fort St. John.  The group was in four bateaux, but failed to take provisions and after two days without food, his men were extremely hungry. They came across on Lake St. John, and while Benedict Arnold provided the men food he also attempted to discourage Allen from his goal. However, he refused to heed the warning. When the group landed just above the fort, Allen learned that at least 200 British regulars were approaching. Being outnumbered, he led his men across the Richelieu River where his men spent the night. While Ethan and his men rested, the British began to fire artillery at them from across the river, causing the Boys to panic and return to Ticonderoga. Upon their return, Seth Warner replaced Ethan as the leader of the Green Mountain Boys due to their losing respect for Allen’s actions in trying to overtake Fort St. John. Campaign in Quebec Allen was able to convince Warner to allow him to stay on as a civilian scout as the Green Mountain Boys were participating in the campaign in Quebec. On September 24, Allen and about 100 men crossed the Saint Lawrence River, but the British had been alerted to their presence. In the ensuing  Battle of Longue-Pointe, he and about 30 of his men were captured. Allen was imprisoned in Cornwall, England for approximately two years and returned to the United States on May 6, 1778, as part of a prisoner exchange. Time After the War Upon his return, Allen settled in Vermont, a territory which had declared its independence from the United States as well as from Britain. He  took it upon himself to petition the Continental Congress to make Vermont the fourteenth U.S. state, but due to Vermont having disputes with surrounding states of over the rights to the territory, his attempt failed.  He then negotiated with Canadian governor Frederick Haldimand to become part of Canada but those attempts also failed. His  attempts to have Vermont become part of Canada which would have reunited the state with Great Britain, eroded the public’s confidence in his political and diplomatic capabilities. In 1787,  Ethan retired to his home in what is now Burlington, Vermont.  He died in Burlington on February 12, 1789. Two years later, Vermont joined the United States. Two of Ethan’s sons graduated from  West Point  and then serve in the  United States Army. His daughter  Fanny  converted to  Catholicism  and then she entered a convent. A grandson,  Ethan Allen Hitchcock, was a  Union Army  general in the  American Civil War.

How to Stop Procrastinating and Increase Concentration

How to Stop Procrastinating and Increase Concentration How to Stop Procrastinating and Increase Concentration No matter how close the deadline, sometimes your motivation to read, research, write and edit your paper can dwindle. This can be particularly bad if youre prone to procrastinating. The technology that surrounds us in everyday life means that there are endless distractions available. For those of us prone to procrastinating, getting work done can therefore be a challenge. However, there are also some practical steps you can take to improve the way you work, and therefore the quality of the work you complete. If you’re in the throes of a bout of procrastination and staring a deadline in the face, the following tips might be helpful. Get Rid of Online Distractions Even short periods spent on Facebook or Twitter can add up, and you spend more time taking quizzes to find out which Harry Potter character you are than researching your paper. To get rid of temptation online, install a program that blocks certain websites for a specified time. This allows you to work uninterrupted. Take Regular Breaks Some research suggests that the average persons attention span is roughly 8.25 seconds. Its probably not surprising that were so prone to procrastinating, if that is true. Especially since writing an assignment requires concentrating for longer periods. However, your ability to concentrate for longer periods decreases as you get tired, so regular (planned) breaks are essential. Even a short break of ten minutes every few hours can boost your concentration and efficiency. Breaks from work are also useful in a more general sense. Once you have completed a draft of a chapter or part of your paper, leave it for twenty-four hours. You will then be able to return to it with fresh eyes, making editing much easier. Take Exercise Exercise taken during the work day can boost concentration, motivation and time management. If possible, fit some form of exercise into your day. A brisk walk at lunchtime will improve not only your health and mood but also your concentration. Drink Water Staying well hydrated is vital for cognitive functioning, so concentration can be hindered if you aren’t getting enough fluids. Don’t forget to drink enough throughout the day, as by the time you feel thirsty, your brain power may have decreased by up to 10%. Create the Perfect Environment Minor irritations, like an uncomfortable chair or a dim light which forces you to strain your eyes, can contribute to a lack of desire to work. Ensure that your working environment is comfortable and calming so that you can focus on your work. Know Your Optimal Working Routine Something which can dramatically reduce procrastination and improve efficiency is working out an optimized working routine. For example, different people work better at different times of day; night owls might get their best work done at midnight, while early birds might have 2,000 words done before 9am! Work to your strengths, but make sure your sleeping pattern is not affected. What Motivates You? Sometimes, small rewards can increase motivation and having something tangible to look forward to can spur you on to meet your goals. Knowing you have dinner plans with friends will encourage you to meet your targets for the day.

Interesting topic would get your readers to know what your main point Essay

Interesting topic would get your readers to know what your main point - Essay Example In The Geography of Bliss, Weiner travels from east to west including India, Thailand, Netherlands, Switzerland, Bhutan, and Moldova among other countries to investigate their idea of happiness. Among the countries he visits, the Swiss have an interesting view of happiness. Democracy, moderation, and the absence of envy are the factors that drive happiness in this country. While investigating happiness according to the Swiss, Weiner’s expresses his impression of the place concerning their behavioral habits and lifestyle. The author personally relates his experiences and investigations in the narrative. In chapter two of the book, Weiner looks at the Swiss source of happiness. While on safari with his girlfriend, he comes across a Swiss couple and their perfectionist tendencies. The writer takes his time to go to Geneva and learn a little more about the Swiss. The first thing that strikes him is how clean the streets are and how sober and controlled the Swiss are. Accordingly, he questions their lifestyle, habits, and general behavior, as well as wonders what makes the Swiss tick. Secondly, Weiner asks why the Swiss are so humorless and serious all the time. Further, the author questions how they could be so disciplined and focused. Additionally, Weiner wonders if a link could exist between the Swiss lifestyle and habits, and the high suicidal rates. Moreover, he tries to understand why the Swiss do not find it appropriate to talk about money. Given these revelations, he inquires where the Swiss get their happiness. Consequently, Weiner alludes that they could probably get happines s from not generating envy in others. Notably, there is little or no privacy in Switzerland, and everyone knows their neighbor’s business. Hence, it is hard to understand how they find privacy because such a lifestyle is hard to handle. The Swiss have one activity that helps them unwind. Skiing is a sporting activity that they love. According to Weiner, they usually take time off

The System Of Finance For Local Government Essay

The System Of Finance For Local Government - Essay Example The model was primarily concerned with finding a market-like mechanism that would achieve an efficient allocation of resources to the public sector. The main finding included the fact that inter-jurisdictional competition is a vital element of the mechanism. The key players in Tiebout’s model are individual citizens and governments. business firms are not an explicit part of the model (Brueckner 2004, p 138). It was meant to be applied to local governments and to a lesser degree, to state governments. The model assumes citizens have full knowledge of government revenue and expenditure packages, that there are a large number of communities among which individuals can choose to live, and that people will opt for the community that best satisfies their preferences. Moreover, the model assumes that government services exhibit no spillover effects (Billings 2008, p 45). Tiebout’s model made three additional assumptions; one, that jobs impose no locational constraint on indiv iduals; two, that a community’s optimal size, meaning the size for which the average cost of producing a particular packages of public services is minimized, can be determined; and three, that each community seeks to attain its optimal size (Feiock 2004, p. 76). The model envisions citizens sorting themselves out among available communities so that demands for government services within any particular community would become homogenous. In theory, Tiebout concluded that to the extent these rather restrictive assumptions are met, good and services provided by the local public sector will exhibit both allocative efficiency (the right amounts of the various good and services are produced ) and productive efficiency (they are produced at least cost) (Rivkin 2001, p. 206). In Tiebout’s model, community taxes would be benefit taxes, or proportional to the benefits citizens receive form public services, rather than taxes based on the ability to pay.

Domestic Violence Against Men and Women Essay Example for Free

Domestic Violence Against Men and Women Essay Whenever the thought of domestic violence comes to mind, more than often the visual picture is a women or a child. However, there is another side that has been ignored because it is pushed under the rug. The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men is being beaten by their wives or partners runs contrary to many of our deeply ingrained beliefs about men and women, female or male violence against men is a well-documented phenomenon almost completely ignored by both the media and society (Watson 2013). The majority of male victims do not report being abused because of the fear that people will not believe them. Men are also silent on the issue because of society’s automatic perception that men are physically stronger and should easily be able to overcome a female attacker. Countless stories tell of men who are physically abused by women calling the police only to be arrested themselves when the police arrive. One story tells of a man being driven to the hospital by the police after his wife struck him with a frying pan as he slept; the wife was not arrested. Many men who experience violence from their wives during marriage are advised not to bring up such incidents in their divorce proceedings because the court may consider it an act of violence against the wife. In these cases, perception takes center stage and allows women to get away with abuse while men pay the unjust consequences. The children isolate themselves, want go to school, lying to protect the family, acting out, even bed wetting. In the long run those children that are witnessing the violence can be come abusive themselves. A family under stress produces children under stress† (Ackerman Pickering1989). In America about 3 million children witness some type domestic violence. Children that witness domestic violence in the home are at risk of being battered themselves either by the batterer or by the victim. The long term effects of such violence can create a cycle that spans from generation to generation. Facts show 1 in 6 women and 1 in 33 men have experience an attempted or completed rape. Three women are killed by a current or former intimate partner each day in America, on average. Over 22 percent of women to 7. 4 percent of men reported being physically assaulted by a current or former partner in their lifetime. Women who were physically assaulted by an intimate partner averaged 6. 9 physical assaults per year, 37% of women seeking injury-related treatment in hospital emergency rooms were there because of injuries inflicted by a current or formal spouse/partner. Women are at an increased risk of harm shortly after separation from an abusive partner. As previously mentioned, the majority of statistics show that women are victims of domestic violence. However, here are some more facts according to the Domestic Violence against Men. It 100 domestic violence cases, 40% of these were against men, 60% against women. In a 1995 to 1996 study conducted by the U. S. Department of Justice (as published in 2000), out of 8,000 women 25% were subjected to domestic violence. Out of the 8,000 men 7. 5% were also victims of domestic violence. The same 1995 to 1996 study estimated that, annually, in the U. S. , about 1. 5 million women and around 830,000 men are victims of domestic violence. That’s almost a 2:1 ratio of women versus men who were subjected to domestic violence. †(Graham-Kevan, 2013). On the other hand, several conflicts destroy a relationship. The biggest conflicts that seem more widely publicized and always at the forefront are infidelity, poor financial handling, sex, children and abuse. Seemingly, abuse is something that is more tolerated and unmentioned as a code of silence on both sides of the relationship. According to (Tjaden, P Thoennes, N 1998) women are more likely to report abuse than men. Usually this is the case because the victim are too ashamed to mention the abuse, and unless either witnessed or displays visible signs of abuse it will be tolerated until the victim has had enough, or until death occurs. Guilt most often what keeps the victim, at the hands of their abuser, that internal turmoil that the victim goes through with leaving the since of feeling responsible, the feeling of leaving the relationship and the household, this alone is the underlying reasons behind not leaving, not wanting to separate the household. Self-blame can not be avoided for some of those who believe that they just have not done enough, the only thing that will help is time, distance and healing and too not get into another relationship until they are completely ready. It is estimated that about 3. 2 million men are victims of assault by their partner each year in the United States. However, most of these assaults are relatively minor, such as hitting, smacking, pushing, and shoving, others are much more serious. It has raised serious questions about â€Å"implementation of arrest policies, equivalency of intimate partner aggression across genders, and management of female domestic violence offenders. This study compares demographic characteristics, criminal history variables, and the past domestic violence history of men and women arrested for domestic assault against a heterosexual intimate partner. Using victim reported information and data collected by local criminal justice agencies, we found that female arrestees were significantly less likely than males to have histories that warrant concern regarding the potential for future violence. (Henning, K. , Feder, L. 2004, 19(2), 69-80). The warning signs to look for in domestic violence. Many of the signs women are taught to interpret as caring, attentive, and romantic are actually early warning signs f or future abuse. Here are some examples which includes constantly asks were you are going or were you at. Insists on you spend most of you time with cutting you off from family and friends. Accuses you of infidelity. Gets extremely anger when things do not go their way and speak negative of other women. With men there are no signs for them to follow the advice that I have is to watch for some of the same things that women look out for. Some may even result in homicide by the same partner. The main goal is to strengthen families through treatment, counseling and education; suggestions involved mandating intervention Programs for men and women, couples’ counseling, mediation, and judicial trainings, by implementing these helpful systems, it would be more effective towards the decrease of domestic abuse, and assist with repair of the mental capacity of the abused and the family in a whole. In most domestic violence issues it usually is a woman but has you can see men are also victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence could be even eradicated or all together dismissed. Society is beginning to realize that domestic violence is an increasingly growing issue and must continue to work towards implementing programs to decrease it within the home. Domestic violence is not a private matter, a couple’s matter, or a domestic squabble. It is the choice of the abuser. Domestic violence is a way for a person to control another person.

Cats As Carnivorous Predators :: essays research papers

Cats as Carnivorous Predators   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the course of evolution the cat’s ability to survive in the wild has become extremely dependent upon its hunting ability. In order for feral, or undomesticated, cats to survive on their own in the wild they have developed hereditary traits and instincts from their ancestors throughout time. Though these hereditary traits that they have inherited are helpful for undomesticated cats, they can often cause problems when domesticated house cats revert back to the ways of their ancestors, often influencing the ways that cats kept as pets are managed. Cats are carnivorous predators and pet owners must accommodate this lifestyle by feeding them a meat-based diet with high protein, providing them with a play outlet to avoid predatory aggression, as well as keeping them inside or monitoring their activities while outside to avoid the unnecessary killing of birds or any other type of animal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As carnivorous predators, cats require a high protein, meat-based diet. The need for a meat-based diet is essential because the meat is often high in not only proteins and calories, but it also has a great deal of amino acids, especially taurine, which is important in the development of eye sight. Pet owners must be aware that â€Å"the protein requirement for maximal growth for kittens is 24 % when the diet exceeds all of the essential amino acid requirements† (Journal of Nutrition, High Dietary Protein and Taurine†¦ pg.2228). Carnivores need this amount of protein at a young age to build muscle for hunting and to keep them well nourished. The diet of the cat is based on development and they should be fed according to their stage of development towards an adult cat. In the wild, cats eat just about anything they can get their paws on; rats, mice, birds, and reptiles. Kittens have a need for higher levels of protein and calories for proper development until they reach the age of 18 months, when the levels of protein drop to just the right amount of protein to sustain themselves. Another reason why cats need to have a healthy meat-based diet is because they have a shorter digestive system than most omnivores and herbivores. They have to absorb more nutrients in a shorter amount of time, thus the need for a lot of protein because they have a very short time to digest it. Being a carnivorous predator, the cat needs some sort of play outlet besides its usual habitat or the owner may become the object of play predatory aggression.

How to Survive a Zombie Apocalypse

How to survive a zombie apocalypse Zombies, do they exist? Can there be actual zombies roaming around on the streets, ready to make anyone and everyone who comes in sight a zombie? Well, Hollywood thinks so. The reason I'm basing this theory of ‘can zombies be real' or the fact that zombies can one day roam amongst us (eventually destroying mankind), is because they are the biggest influence in our lives. Don't believe me? Then I guess the long list of zombie movies might help you change your perspective.Their ideology of assuring us into believing that the concept of ‘zombies' or ‘zombie apocalypse is real' is quite believable. And movies like Resident Evil, Dawn of the Dead, and 28 Days Later are perfect examples of such an event. Each of these movies has groups of people who are trying to get to a safe place, away from all these zombies. But there isn't any guide or rules that they can follow while they're on this road to freedom. It's just one step at a time (an d some of them get eaten in the process as well). So, there should be a guide which tells them how to survive if such an apocalypse ever occurred.In order to get infected by a zombie, you need to be bitten, or bite one of them, although I have no idea why you would ever want to. The saliva and blood of a zombie have the potential to infect a person and eventually turn them, so keep your mouth shut if you're the stupid one using a chainsaw. To be honest I prefer a good old fashioned flamethrower to burn those zombies where they stand. How about an idea; perhaps someone can read this article (a movie director) and magically keeps a few copies of it in the movie for the actors to find. Alright, alright, that was not a good joke.So let's move past that and get a bit serious. But before we do get to the specific rules to keep yourself safe from a zombie apocalypse, I'd like to divert your attention to yet another movie, Zombieland (by the way, I think it's one of the best zombie movies o f all time), It's funny, intelligently made, and the cast is small, but perfect. If you have seen the movie, then you'll find some of those rules implemented here as well. And if you didn't get the opportunity to watch this classic movie, then may I suggest, please do so. And with that small note, we will proceed towards our golden rules to survive a zombie apocalypse.What is a zombie? There are multiple definitions of the word zombie. The dictionary defines zombie as â€Å"an animated corpse that feeds on living flesh. † Other sources define zombie as â€Å"One who moves or acts as if in a daze† or â€Å"a member of Congress† or â€Å"a Voodoo snake god. † While snake gods are interesting, this how-to article will deal with only the first and second definitions of zombie. While Chavs were once thought to be zombies it has been recently proven that it is not the case. It would be an insult to zombies if they were even contemplated to be in the same catego ry as Chavs.Such contemplators were subsequently eaten. Types of zombies There are twelve types of zombies. They will be listed with a little fact about them: 1. Horde zombies are dangerous to combat effectively. They require much more potent weaponry to approach with confidence, but are easier to flee and avoid. 2. Grue Zombies, grues who have (somehow) died and became zombies. There is really no way to kill grue zombies unless you have Chuck Norris or can successfully pull off the shoop da whoop. 3. Camper zombies, zombies who hide and wait for prey, are the other common type.Campers hide in darkened corridors, side rooms, and even in the drywall. They prefer to wait for their prey to come near and then burst out and seize the victim. 4. Fast Zombies are some of your most dreaded enemies when facing legions of the undead. Fast Zombies can vary in many ways, but the main item is that their entire physique (i. e. rotting of fat, skin, veins, and organs. ) is morphed to allow them to strike fast. The majority of fast zombies have been found to have been overzealous gym instructors and annoying co-workers who won't let go of the â€Å"Can do attitude† even post-mortem. 5.Elvis Impersonator Zombies These are usually the rarest, if not the most entertaining variety of undead you may encounter. They can be easily identified by their signature hairdo, glittery suits, and trademark lurching walk which they plagiarized from Elvis. This isn’t really even a walk, since they don’t actually get anywhere. 6. When you know a Smart Zombie is around, the best thing you can do is avoid him at all costs. Smart Zombies have the ability to set up and carry out plans. 7. Sewer Zombies like to spend all their time in sewers and in drain areas, they are afraid of light so taking a flashlight is a good idea.A better idea is to just avoid sewers. 8. Lady Zombies are exactly what they sound like. Every necrophilia’s nightmare, they are girl zombies. But surp risingly, they're not that different from the live ones, they still moan and groan about the men never taking them anywhere. 9. The Zombie†¦.. Chuck Norris!!! , this is the most dangerous zombie ever. Some of the zombie abilities he is theorized to possess include infecting people by burping on them; complete cellular regeneration (means he can't be killed. Ever. ) 10. Animal Zombies Depend on your luck. A zombie snail is most common but they're totally harmless.Other kind of animal zombies do exist. Some of these are â€Å"dog† zombies. If a zombie gets to be this big, then it's lethal. However, since much of its muscle has degraded by then, it won't be able to catch you. (THANK GOD!!! ) If a CHEETAH zombie attacks you, even without its degraded muscle, then you're screwed. 11. Peanut zombies' A. K. A. The Terrors of the junkyard, these vermicious brutes wander the junkyards, in poorly built helies, or controlling guns. Avoid these brutes; they have a leader, Project #2 95. He has two dual glocks, and is not afraid to use it. beware the ultimate power. 12.Ninja/Samurai/Genghis Khan Zombies Once feared and respected warriors of Japan; the zombie infection has made them some of the most terrifying zombies to invade your country. All have high level martial arts skills and requires extreme weapon tactics to wipe out; if using hand-to-hand combat, the chances are you will not survive. Certain firearms to have Everybody needs a weapon so here are the top ten: 1. Chainsaw- Most of all Resident Evil or horror films and countless Hollywood scenes show the awesome power of the chainsaw. As cool as it is though, it ranks very low on the practical zombie-killing weapon list. . Lawn Mower- All the same problems as Chainsaw, with even greater problems. You know how hard one of those things are to lift, let alone to a position that the blades can even do their work. Also, it is not made to be lifted up into the air, so even if you can lift the mower, it will not stay up there for long. It might of looked cool in Brain Dead, it will never work. 3. Slingshot- It wouldn't be the wisest of choices. Using it against a zombie will only alert it to your presence, stupid. Unless you throw a bomb with it. 4. Edged Weapons- Imagine using a sword to kill a crowd of zombies nd you stab some zombie through the skull in the brain. Now imagine you turn to the zombie behind you to do the same, only to realize that it's stuck on the first zombie that you stabbed and you can't seem to get it back†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. not a pretty picture, is it? So use one without a serrated edge. Unless you are a skilled fencer, this is an inadvisable choice. 5. Rubber Ducky- †¦. not sure if that is the best idea, but just remember it's your funeral JOINING THE LEGIONS OF THE UNDEAD. So if you REALLY want to use it and see what happens, by all means go ahead (dumbass).If you are dumb smart enough to do this, make sure you have a friend tape it and stick it up on YouTube, yo u will get more hits than Achmed the Dead Terrorist, easy. 6. Mop If there are no other blunt weapons available, you can always run to that janitorial closet(provided you didn't stuff zombies in there earlier) and take out a Long, Wooden, MOP! Only to be used against 5-6 zombies, otherwise the long and heavy mop may sort of, backfire on you. 7. Weed Whacker- Insert into the mouth and let the fun begin (not usable for groups, will become the zombie's â€Å"fun†)! 8.Large Minigun: will kill a lot of zombies, and is fun! Though whoever is using it will die just as his buddies got to relative safety. 9. Shotgun: The second best weapon for zombies, there buck shots will blow off the heads of several zombies, the person who is carrying a shotgun will survive most zombie outbreaks. 10. Pistol: short range, small clip, small bullet, only use on small groups, otherwise you are dead (or undead). Guide on Surviving a Zombie Apocalypse If we happen to be caught up in the world-ending zom bie plague, then it wouldn't hurt for us all to have a certain ‘how-to' list with us, right?There can be tons of rules to survive a zombie apocalypse as every one of us has a different way to tackling situations. And since I've never been in this type of position before (thank God), I will be listing rules that I feel are ideal. So here are my top rules on how to survive a zombie apocalypse. 1. Run 2. Run even faster 3. Run faster than that guy next to you 4. Trip the guy next to you 5. Don't let the spazzy woman try and get her dog back 6. Shoot people randomly 7. Drive to Alaska (Zombies will freeze into corpsicles, delicious AND nutritious! , but get there fast, the roads will be too congested and if you're too slow†¦ It'll only be a tasty flesh bottleneck 8. Go out to sea (zombies can't swim, but it’s fun to see them try. Warning:Peanut Zombies know how to swim, so run) 9. Sacrifice Ms. Barbra, the old lady across the street (no one liked her anyways. ) 10. Don 't fall asleep in the open 11. If surrounded, just distract them with a classy dance (Warning: May cause: Zombification, Death, Death, and more Death. ) 12. Always find the nearest gun and ammo Shop, and always trade at least a 10,12, or 20 gauge shotguns, one hit kills 13.Notice that we said trade. Not even think about break into the shop, the shop keeper is always good with gun and you won't stand a chance. Hell, he's most likely the boss in that area with several goons, each carries gun bigger than yours. 14. Don't, for even one second think that you are safe. 15. You need 1 shot in their heads to kill them. So keep a few shotguns with you. 16. If you're in the house, board up the windows and doors properly. 17. Fill as many containers as you possibly can with water. 18. Keep food supplies and other essentials. 19.Along with guns, gather anything that can smash skulls; keep them handy. 20. Find a safe place for you, your friends, and family members. 21. Before sunset, find a secu red location to sleep. 22. Always keep your travel bags light; less weight to carry means more easily to flee. 23. Do not harbor people who have been attacked or bitten by zombies. 24. Always wear comfortable clothing. Avoid movie-like wardrobe. 25. Wear as many layers as you can reasonably get away with. Have a trusted friend try to bite or claw their way through your wardrobe to test fabric strengths ahead of time. 6. We do want to survive so ladies no high heels, and fellas no saggin pants. 27. Have a first aid kit with you in the house and in your getaway car. 28. While traveling, DO NOT go in the woods or lonely areas. 29. If you're trying to stop the zombies from entering in the building, please don't try to hold the door. 30. Don't go anywhere alone. Follow the buddy system. But if you're the only human left, then I guess you're on your own. 31. Learn the zombie dance from Thriller. Because what if the zombies dance? And what is the difference between surviving and not dancin g with them? 2. Guys we know you want to impress your girl, but please follow rule 33. If you want to impress her just keep her safe and stay alive yourself. 33. And our final golden rule: DON'T BE A HERO AND GO OUT IN SEARCH OF ZOMBIES TO KILL. Zombies are slow who drag their feet as they walk. As they've lost control over their brain or the brain doesn't function properly, they are not very intelligent. But you are. So take necessary precautions before you go out there and try really hard to make it. Living in an undead world can be tough. So perhaps these rules can make existing less scary.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

On June 28th, 1914 in the city of Sarajevo two bullets were fired. World War One, World War Two and the Cold War all trace their origins to the gunshots that interrupted that summer day. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated. Not only was Franz murdered, but so was his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg. They were assassinated by a young man named Bosnian Serb which set off a chain of events that leaded to the start of World War One. To many people it was known as the Great War and seemed to have come out of the blue. Franz’s assassination was the start to it all.Franz Ferdinand was the eldest son of Carl Ludwig and the brother of Emperor Franz Josef. Franz was born in Austria in1863. He was educated by private tutors and decided to join the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1883. His military career included service with an infantry regiment in Prague and Hungary. While in the army Franz received several promotions: captain (1885), major (1888), colonel (1890) and general (1896). I n 1889, Crown Prince Rudolf, the son of Franz Josef, shot himself at his hunting lodge. The death of Prince Rudolf passed the crown to Franz Ferdinand's father, Carl Ludwig.When he died in 1896, Franz Ferdinand became the new heir to the throne. After the death of Franz, Austria/Hungary needed to enforce its authority in the face of such an insolent crime. Austria/Hungary immediately blamed Serbian government for the attack. After hearing that Serbia had asked Russia for help Austria/Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28. However, with the threat of Russia and its army, and Austria having an army unprepared for a large-scale war, it required Germany's help to back up its words with force.Emperor Franz Josef wrote a personal letter to Kaiser Wilhelm asking for support and on July 6, Germany informed that they would give their full support to Austria. On August 1, after hearing news of Russia's general mobilization, Germany declared war on Russia. The German army then launched its attack on Russia's ally, France, through Belgium, violating Belgian neutrality and bringing Great Britain into the war as well. Over the next four years, the Great War/World War One grew to involve Italy, Japan, the Middle East and the United States, and many other countries.Around 20 million soldiers died and 21 million more were wounded and stuck with the damages for the rest of their lives. At last in 1919 peace was found but only stayed in peace for about two decades before giving way to another devastating world war. Who is to blame for the Great War? It comes down to who started it and who backed who which is firstly Austria/Hungary. After the assassination in Serbia they automatically blamed the city which caused a lot of tension and the declaring of war on one another. The fact that Austria/Hungary asked Germany for help encouraged Serbia to react with getting help with Russia and it went on and on.To summarise this blame answer its Germany and Austria/Hungary. Austria-Hung ary declared war on Serbia because a Serbian nationalist killed the heir to the throne. Germany's unconditional backing of Austria-Hungary encouraged them to be aggressive, which further lead to the Great War. To conclude this topic on what started and who was to blame for World War One I come to say that blame can cause a lot of damage and trouble eg. Austria blaming Serbia, and that the assassination of Franz grew way out of hand and could have been easily solved with no need of involvement with other contries. .

Free Essays on Waiting For Godo Essay

Waiting for Godot: A Social Critique One of the few unarguable intents of Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot is the author’s desire to impact his audience. With floating images, an obscure story line, and nonsensical dialogue, the reader is continually delving into Beckett’s text for further meaning in the play. Ironically, Beckett’s absurdist messages suggest that it is this sort of search for order in an irrational universe that will only lead to conflict. Within his play Beckett makes several attempts to satirize human beings’ need for order. He targets both religious organization and social structure. More specifically, in Waiting for Godot, Beckett criticizes the institution of western capitalism through the relationships of his characters. Samuel Beckett’s existentialist ideas clearly influenced his writings. The movement’s stress of the individual existence and its portrayal of human beings as totally free and responsible for their own actions does not promote rules in life and structured institutions. The belief in the irreducibility of experience to any system is also at the core of existentialist thought. Thus, reducing people’s lives to economic classes and containing them in this social hierarchy violated existentialist ideas. Beckett places each of his main characters in defined Marxist roles to illustrate this point. Karl Marx’s theories are based on the conviction that socialism is inevitable. He, like existentialists, emphasized individualism. Marx went as far as to claim the individual as the highest being. According to his theories, Marx viewed all of history as torn with conflict. This chaos out of a search for order is very much an existentialist idea. Traditional Marxism places the rich bourgeoisie against the poor proletariat. In this play, both Godot and Pozzo represent an aristocratic ruling class. Vladimir, Estragon, and Lucky are the exploited laborers who are at the mercy of their r... Free Essays on Waiting For Godo Essay Free Essays on Waiting For Godo Essay Waiting for Godot: A Social Critique One of the few unarguable intents of Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot is the author’s desire to impact his audience. With floating images, an obscure story line, and nonsensical dialogue, the reader is continually delving into Beckett’s text for further meaning in the play. Ironically, Beckett’s absurdist messages suggest that it is this sort of search for order in an irrational universe that will only lead to conflict. Within his play Beckett makes several attempts to satirize human beings’ need for order. He targets both religious organization and social structure. More specifically, in Waiting for Godot, Beckett criticizes the institution of western capitalism through the relationships of his characters. Samuel Beckett’s existentialist ideas clearly influenced his writings. The movement’s stress of the individual existence and its portrayal of human beings as totally free and responsible for their own actions does not promote rules in life and structured institutions. The belief in the irreducibility of experience to any system is also at the core of existentialist thought. Thus, reducing people’s lives to economic classes and containing them in this social hierarchy violated existentialist ideas. Beckett places each of his main characters in defined Marxist roles to illustrate this point. Karl Marx’s theories are based on the conviction that socialism is inevitable. He, like existentialists, emphasized individualism. Marx went as far as to claim the individual as the highest being. According to his theories, Marx viewed all of history as torn with conflict. This chaos out of a search for order is very much an existentialist idea. Traditional Marxism places the rich bourgeoisie against the poor proletariat. In this play, both Godot and Pozzo represent an aristocratic ruling class. Vladimir, Estragon, and Lucky are the exploited laborers who are at the mercy of their r...

Hooray, hooray! It’s Presidents Day!

Hooray, hooray! It’s Presidents Day! Hooray, Hooray! It’s Presidents Day! Whether you think of  Presidents Day as a patriotic celebration of our country’s political leadership, or just a day off from work and/or school, it’s surely a good time to reflect on the educational legacy of President Washington and his successors. By â€Å"educational legacy† here, we don’t mean the policies they introduced while in office or donations made to colleges; we’re interested in what our presidents were like as students. Harry Truman, College Dropout Not every president has been a â€Å"classic† educational role model, with many not graduating at all. The most recent was Harry Truman, who dropped out of business school after only one semester. To be fair, he did drop out because of his family’s financial problems rather than a lack of interest in learning. And he did later become president. So he must have been doing something right. A Very Different Playbook Would history have differed much had Gerald Ford accepted one of the two offers he received from NFL clubs after graduating from the University of Michigan? Courtesy Gerald R. Ford Library. It’s hard to say, but he managed to help the Wolverines to national titles in 1932 and 1933, as well as winning the team’s MVP award in his senior year. Whether his skills as a linebacker were at all useful in office, we can only guess. Skull and Bones Yale University’s â€Å"Skull and Bones† society is notorious for its secrecy and elitism, inviting only the most powerful students to join. This has so far included three future presidents: William Howard Taft, George H. W. Bush, and George Bush Jr. Apparently, the initiation ritual for new members involves divulging â€Å"intimate personal details, including their full sexual histories.† Sounds fine to us. After all, there’s no way giving away sensitive personal information could possibly pose a terrible blackmail risk. If there was, they wouldn’t do it, right? Right? Go Team President! On a lighter note, four future presidents have spent their college days cheerleading, including Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush. Wait, George Bush Jr was a cheerleader and a member of Skull and Bones? When did the man find time to study? Maybe he just didn’t bother. That’s â€Å"Dr. Woodrow,† Thank You Out of the 43 people who’ve been president, one stands out for his educational achievements: Dr. Woodrow Wilson, PhD. The only president to have a college doctorate, Wilson earned a PhD in political science from John Hopkins University, producing a dissertation called â€Å"Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics.† He later went on to teach at Bryn Mawr College. So although Woodrow might be better known for his achievements as 28th President of the United States, from now on we’ll think of him first as an academic high-achiever. Happy Presidents Day!

The co-chaperones of heat shock proteins and disease Literature review

The co-chaperones of heat shock proteins and disease - Literature review Example From the accidental discovery of the HSPs, they continue to display important roles in the cell integrity. Research shows that the dysfunction of Mitochondrial in the skeletal muscles has been said to be important in a manner of T2DM. They do this by either reducing the ability to oxidize the fatty acids that lead to the accumulation of deleterious lipid species in the surrounding tissues such as the liver and the skeletal muscles and also by altering the cellular state of Redox. This mini-review will focus on defining and analyzing the functionalities of the heat shock proteins. The presence of environmental stress in a cell stops or slows its ability to carry out most of its functions. These features include transport processes, RNA, DNA and protein synthesis. The model of the stress response by the HSPs is usually an abrupt rise in the external temperature known as the heat shock. Ferruccio Ritossa did the discovery of the heat shock response in 1962; he discovered them when he noticed an enlargement in some of the special sections of the heat shock puffs made after a heat treatment of the flies [1]. It later came clear that the segments contained particular forms of proteins known as the heat shock proteins. These types of proteins are induced by a massive variety of impulses apart from the thermal shock in the cells of an organism. HSPs usually play an important part in preventing various diseases with a fast rising role in the field of clinical practice. The functions of the HSPs in usually essential for the homeostasis of all the living cells, and often become vital in diseases when our bodily cells have to keep up with a stressful environment. The advancement of our knowledge of the functions and the biochemistry of HSPs enable us to acquire more tools to give a mark to the patients. The advancements also make us to have close observations and improvements in the

NASCAR Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NASCAR Diversity - Essay Example For more than a decade now, the company still lacks the proper policies and strategies that can adequately enhance diversity. According to Kusz (81) NASCAL has been using a â€Å"Southern Strategy† in its undertakings. According to Canas and Sondak (134) â€Å"NASCAL was born in a time when racial segregation and discrimination was being experienced in every part of the American culture.† This means that the problem of racial discrimination in NASCAL was likely to be experienced in the organization from day one. The organization was initially founded by the southerners in a very racial diverse region. However, this did not help solve the diversity problem since in a seventy year history of NASCAL; only one African American driver ever gained victory in a racing event. Wendell Scott was that driver. Even though Scott had won several other races he was declared to have won just once in his entire career. This is because some of the track owners â€Å"did not want a black man kissing the track queen in victory Lane† (Canas and Sondak 134). Diversity problem in NASCAL therefore is a problem right from the founding of the company. The management of the company, sponsors as well as the aud ience formed the basis of discrimination of the African American drivers as well as the women drivers. Scott as the first African American driver â€Å"was booed by fans when his car broke down in his first race for NASCAL† (Canas and Sondak 134). It is from such incidences that the sponsors would not want anything to do with the African American drivers since they are despised by the fans. The company would therefore be forced not to involve the African American drivers in major leagues. Today, there are still very few African American drivers in NASCAL with â€Å"only five blacks to have started a handful of races since 1986† (Canas and Sondak 134). This has been attributed by different scholars of the world to the insufficient funding following the fact that the NASCAL team

Cultural Differences In The Corporate World Essay

Cultural Differences In The Corporate World - Essay Example When in meetings, Westerners should not show annoyance or disproval if meetings do not proceed according to their patterns as according to the Saudi Arabians will determine their opinion of the person (â€Å"Saudi Arabian Meetings†). Part of the recommendations is to train people in different cultures, customs, traditions, history, language, idiomatic terms, non-verbal communication, and in this case include the religious component. When visiting a Saudi Arabian if there is a gift involved   caution should prevail and avoid giving: Alcohol, pork, knives, pigskin, perfumes with alcohol, and images with nude women. It is embedded in the culture that flattery plays an important role in business. Compliments will also be given do not be distant, aloof or embarrassed. Familiar questions may arise (marital status, children, religious convictions). It is also recommended not to say that a person (you) is an atheist. This is certainly not an easy task, given that the business world is always trying to maintain its head over water (especially during this day and age of an economic crisis. It has been evidenced that failures have occurred in business transactions. The "one size fits all" does no longer apply. Live and learn, and be productive in the process and culmination of business transactions. In the business world, the bottom line will always prevail. It should be the duty of those performing research in the marketing and the public arena to be well informed before launching a product and or service.

Effect of Word Combinations on Accuracy and Response Time

Effect of Word Combinations on Accuracy and Response Time Christina M Karibian Abstract Throughout our daily lives, we tend to display many behaviors that are considered automatic. The Stroop effect has been replicated numerous times to help study the phenomenon of automatic behaviors, since John Ridley Stroops original findings. The goal of this experiment was to study the reaction time and accuracy on congruent and incongruent word combinations. The congruent words were of colors spelt out, that were displayed in that same color (e.g., the word green was written in the color green). The incongruent words were of colors spelt out, that were not displayed in the same color (e.g., the word green was written in red. During this experiment, 19 undergraduate male and female college students (average age of 22.5 years old) participated as part of a classroom requirement. Each participant was given an instruction sheet which directed them to perform a Stroop task on a computer to measure their reaction time and accuracy for the congruent and incongruent words. Based on the re sults, the participants had a significantly faster reaction time with the congruent words than the incongruent words. However, their accuracy of recognizing congruent words had no significant difference than incongruent words. Therefore, these results can relate to Stroops original research. It can be said that the learned automatic behavior of reading the different word combinations, does not interfere with the task at hand, but does interfere with the response time. Title During our everyday lives, we display many behaviors that cognitive psychologists considered to be automatic. An automatic behavior is a type of skill that does not need direct interaction to perform the task at hand. Some good examples of these types of behaviors are reading and writing. Cognitive psychologists like to study the properties of these automatic behaviors by creating situations where an automized response will conflict with the researchers desired behavior. This type of situation can be studied by the Stroop effect. The Stroop effect was an experiment originally conducted by John Ridley Stroop in 1935. During this experiment, Stroop studied the relationship between the interference and reaction time of a task. This phenomenon that Stroop studied has been used in various ways since his original experiment to measure and assess many different cognitive abilities in human beings. After Stroop conducted his study, he wrote an article to explain his findings. In that article, he talked about two experiments which he conducted to study this phenomenon. He believed that the reaction time between the response and the stimulus would increase when the word and the color of the word itself were not the same. He also believed that the reaction time would decrease when the color of the word and the actual word were the same (Stroop, 1992). During the first experiment, Stroop used 70 undergraduate college students as his participants; the second experiment consisted of 100 college students. When compared to just reading the word written, Stroop found that it took the students a longer time to complete the task of saying the correct color that the word was written in, instead of reading the actual word (Stroop, 1992). Ben A. Parris, Dinkar Sharma, and Brendan Weekes are a group of researchers that conducted a study based off of Stroops findings. They wanted to test how interference, relating to the Stroop effect, would occur when only specific letters in the word were colored. The goal of their experiments was to be able to identify if interference would be larger when the colored letter in the word was in the OVP (optimal viewing position- position where word recognition is the shortest). There were 48 college students used for the first experiment and 20 college students for the second. The results of this experiment was that the Stroop effect was seen when the colored letter was to the left of the middle of the word. When the colored letter was in the middle of the word, there was a great reduction in the interference. Yet, in both these experiments, the only time interference was at its greatest was when the colored letter was at the OVP (Parris, et al, 2007). Talia Konkle and Aude Oliva conducted a study similar to the Stroop task, to test whether or not a persons previous familiarity with the size of an object in the real-word was accessed automatically. Three experiments were conducted overall to study this, they used 34 participants in the first, 19 in the second, and 17 in the third. They visually presented two objects that were familiar to their participants in different sizes on a screen. The congruent conditions were two images of objects on the screen reflecting real-world sizes (e.g., a grape and a horse, the horse being the bigger image). The incongruent conditions were two images of objects on the screen that did not reflect the real-world sizes. In the end, the reaction time for the incongruent conditions were found to be longer than the congruent conditions, which was expected. In the third experiment the participants were taught which colored blocks would represented large or small objects. Then the images of those colored b locks were shown on a screen, with similar congruent and incongruent conditions, as far as sizing, as the other experiments. These participants did not display any Stroop effect during this experiment (Konkle and Oliva, 2012). The current experiment was done to measure the response time and accuracy of word combinations on undergraduate college students at Queens College. This experiment was done to test if the reaction time for the congruent condition would be significantly faster than the reaction time for the incongruent condition. It was also believed that the accuracy for the congruent condition will be significantly more accurate than the incongruent condition. Method Participants The participants in this experiment consisted of 19 undergraduate college students at a four year school; there were 15 females and four males. The mean average age for these participants was 22.5 years old, with a standard deviation of 3.2 years old. All of the participants were familiar with using a computer, keyboard, internet, and a mouse. They were not compensated for their time because it was a required class experiment. The participants all had normal to corrected vision and had normal color vision. They also had fine motor skills within normal limits. Apparatus (Materials/Stimuli) The materials that were used during this experiment was a Dell desktop personal computer with internet access, running on Microsoft Windows to perform the Stroop test on. A mouse was used to navigate around the computer, as well as a keyboard to enter the responses for the test. There was a flat desk which the computer was on and a chair for the participant to sit in while taking the test. Each participant received an instructions sheet telling them step by step what needed to be done by them during the experiment. Experimental Design This experiment was a within-subjects design. The manipulated variable was the color that the congruent and incongruent words were displayed in. There were two measured variables for this experiment. One being the reaction time for both congruent and incongruent words, which was measured in milliseconds. The other was the accuracy of the response for both the congruent and incongruent words, which had a scale of accuracy was 0.00-1.00. Procedure This experiment started off with the participants all sitting in desks in a classroom, where an instruction sheet was handed out to them. The sheet was explained to them and then the experiment had begun. Each participant took turns going into smaller separate rooms where a single computer was. They were to work alone during this experiment. The only thing that needed to be brought into this room was a pen or pencil, their instruction sheet, and a results sheet to record their data. The instruction sheet directed the participant to open up the internet and go to the website, http://psych.hanover.edu/JavaTest/CLE/Cognition/Cognition.html. After being brought to this website, the instructions told the participant to select Stroop Experiment, which then explained what was being measured. The sheet explained that they will be comparing the reaction time, in milliseconds, between two conditions, congruent words and incongruent words. It also described what congruent and incongruent words were as such: congruent words (color and word the same) and incongruent (color and word different). The instructions then told the participant to scroll down and click on begin experiment. The next set directions on the instruction sheet were to fix the settings once the internet loaded the main black screen. The first trial settings were to be changed by clicking on the correct items listed on the sheet. They were to be changed to the following; condition = congruent words, colors used = red, green, blue, and yellow, respond to color, do not limit stroop time, number of words in condition = 25, font size = 20, location of word = in the center. After fixing all these settings, the instructions then directed the participant to press the space bar to start. It also stated in the instructions to watch for the word which would appear in the center of the screen and to use the keyboard to respond. The words that appeared in the middle of the screen were colors spelt out, that were displayed in that same color (e.g., the word green was written in the color green). These were the congruent word combinations. Therefore, the instruction sheet explained to use the response keys for those words to the color of font they are for; r for red, y for yellow, b for blue, and g for green. After completing the trial for congruent words, the participants reaction time, and accuracy results were shown on the screen. The instructions directed the participant to record their reaction time and accuracy in milliseconds. After recording their data, the instructions then directed them to close the window back to the main black Stroop Experiment screen and conduct the second trial for incongruent words. Everything else stayed the same as far as settings go. Then the instructions directed the participant to select done at the bottom of the screen to start the second trial. It also reminded them that in this condition, the words and the colors were different and to respond to the color they saw, instead of the word they were reading. Once this trial was over, the instructions directed the participants to record their reaction time and accuracy. After completing both parts of this experiment, the participant closed out the internet and left the separate computer room for the next participant. Each participant was told to write their results on the same sheet of paper. This sheet was sectioned off into four separate columns so that the results could be organized under congruent and incongruent reaction time and accuracy. Then a within subjects t-test was conducted at an alpha level of 0.05. Results The mean reaction time to recognize the congruent condition was 931.80 milliseconds with a standard deviation of 261.31 milliseconds. The incongruent conditions mean reaction time is 1204.86 milliseconds. The mean accuracy for the congruent condition was 0.99 with a standard deviation of 0.01. The mean accuracy for the incongruent condition was 0.93 with a standard deviation of 0.14. The congruent condition had a significantly faster reaction time than the incongruent condition. The t-test with 18 degrees of freedom is equal to a t-value of 4.42, which is greater than the critical value of 2.88. T(18) = 4.42 > 2.88, p Discussion It was originally predicted that the reaction time for the congruent condition would be significantly faster than the reaction time for the incongruent condition. It was also believed that the accuracy for the congruent condition would be significantly more accurate than the incongruent condition. This was predicted because reading is something that we do every day of our lives. Therefore, the behavior of reading comes automatically to us without us having to really think about the task. In relation to this experiment, reading the word and seeing it displayed in the same color, made it easier for the participants to be accurate in their reaction, as well as be swift about it. Whereas, when the participants were asked to respond to the color, and not to the word they were naturally inclined to read, it took longer for them to respond, but did not seem to effect the level of accuracy. What was done in this experiment relates to Stroops original experiment. This is because he believed the reaction time between his participants response time was going to increase when the word and the color of the word itself were not the same (Stroop, 1992). Which is also what was believed to be true in this experiment, and was found to be true. Stroop also believed that the reaction time would decrease when the color of the word and the actual word were the same. Which is what this experiment showed to be true as well. The results between the two experiments, even though they are about 80 years apart from each other, have very similar findings. They are also similar because both experiments used undergraduate college students as their participants. Using similar participants can help create more control and reliability of an experiment. In the study conducted by Parris, Sharma, and Weekes, they wanted to test how interference occurred when only a specific letter of the word was colored, instead of the whole thing. Their goal was to identify a larger interference when the colored letter was in the OVP. Since they tested this theory by moving the colored letter in the word in different directions, the results showed that the Stroop effect was indeed seen. It was seen when the colored letter was to the left of the middle of the word. It was also seen when the colored letter was in the middle of the word, but there was a significant reduction in the interference. Yet, in both of their experiments, the interference was at its greatest when the colored letter was at the OVP (Parris, Sharma Weekes, 2007). This relates to the present experiment because it shows that the most interference was when the OVP was the colored letter; making the participant react slower in order to accurately state the color, instead of the word written. The participants and results from this study are similar to the those from the present experiment. Both used college students, and both found interference in relation to our automatic behavior. In Konkle and Olivas study, they conducted a similar Stroop task as well. They wanted to see their participants reaction time and accuracy when identifying the size of an object in the real-word. They visually showed their conditions to their participants, like the other experiments talked about. Since their findings showed that the reaction time for their incongruent conditions was longer than their congruent conditions, it also shows signs of interference (Konkle and Oliva, 2012). They too used college students and had findings similar to all the other experiments, which again, could show that using similar participants for similar studies can be beneficial. There were a couple procedures that could have been improved throughout this experiment to create more control, internal validity, and reliability. Some participants know how to type on a keyboard without looking at the keys, whereas there are other who dont. This causes a threat to the reaction time, as well as accuracy. Some people might have taken longer responding because they needed to look down at the keys. It can pose a threat to accuracy because someone might have pressed the wrong key by not looking when they were not that familiar with the keyboard, as other may be. What could have been done in order to try and make this as equal for each participant as possible, was to have them still use the computer monitor, but only have four buttons on the desk for them to use to respond. If this was how the experiment was conducted, the settings on the computer would need to be fixed prior to the experiment. This too could have caused less control during the experiment. Some people ma y have entered the wrong setting in the beginning and did not realize it. Since it was found in this experiment that the reaction time for the congruent words was significantly faster than the incongruent words, it can be connected to a persons response time during other activities. For example, if all of a sudden the colors to the traffic lights were changed, and we were taught what the new colors represented, most people would have a slower reaction time responding to the action the lights now incur. These findings show how our well-learned automatic behaviors can be inhibited when it naturally wants to occur, if our brain is working against it. References Konkle, T., Olivia, A. (2012). A familiar-size Stroop effect: Real-Word size is an automatic property of object representation. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance, 38(3), 561-569. Parris, B. A., Sharma, D., Weekes, B. (2007). An optimal viewing position effect in the Stroop task when only one letter is the color carrier. Experimental Psychology, 54(4), 273-280. Stroop, J. (1992). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(1) 15-2. Table 1 Summary of The Effect of Various Word Combinations on Accuracy and Response Time Note. This table provides the average reaction time in milliseconds, as well as the standard deviations for the congruent and incongruent words. This table also provides the average accuracy and standard deviations for the congruent and incongruent words. These results were calculated from the separate results collected from each participant. A within subjects t-test was conducted at an alpha level of 0.05. Figure 1. This figure shows the average reaction time in milliseconds relating to the congruent and incongruent words. It shows that the average reaction time for congruent words was 931.80ms. It is also shown that the average reaction time for incongruent words was 1204.86ms. Displayed on this graph shows how incongruent words had a longer reaction time than congruent words. Figure 2. This figure shows the average accuracy relating to the congruent and incongruent words. It shows that the average accuracy for congruent words was 0.99. It is also shown that the average reaction time for incongruent words was 0.93. Displayed on this graph shows how congruent words had an average closer accuracy than incongruent words.