Difference between Festival in Europe and China

Festivals be said to define who we are. These are sets of traditions that we follow in a certain community. For China and Europe, their feasts are too in such musical mode that they all prepare degradedly for the event with costumes, dishes and etcetera (Richardson, 2006). These festivals also keep a certain person or event that is of great importance for the the great unwashed in the artless or community. Some festivities like the Saint Valentines day and Christmas day are also alike in some ways. For instance, valentines day is the time were people express their love for the people that they care about serious like in Christmas.Though Valentines Day connote lovers and couples it still gives the message of love in the same way as Christmas is the day of love and sharing(Pleck, 1999). The color red is also very popular during these festivities since it is the color of love. The atmospheric state of the two festivals is the same since thither is an air of love, sharing and compassion. People exchange gifts and they have an icon that represents them. For valentines it is the cupid and for Christmas it is Santa(Elevale, 2007). heretofore they vary in time since the former is on February 14 and Christmas is on December 25.New Year on the other hand is different from the festivals menti championd above. It is more related to other Chinese festivals since they ward off roughshod spirits through the use of fireworks. This festival is also not about love and sharing that of a fresh start. There are no figures or icons associated with it unlike that of Christmas and Valentines Day. Just like in the Dragon Boat Festival, the main focus is scaring away the evil in the home. The Dragon Boat festival in China is called Duan Wu Jie in Chinese and it is hold ond along with Mid-autumn festival and Chinese New year.It is one of the three major festivals celebrated on the fifth part lunar month of the Chinese calendar and on its fifth day which normally falls on J une 5. This is also known as the double fifth day. The fifth day of the month is believed by the Chinese to be the month of the devil since this is the time were complaint become rampant. The Dragon Boat festival is done to drive away these evil spirits. This festival has the long-dated record in history because of its relevance to the lives of its citizens. Through the festival they are reminded to take care of their wellness and drive away evil spirits.This festival is highlighted by dragon boat races. Contestants ride in rich boats with dragon designs and they row together with the rhythm of the drums. There are also special dishes that are associated with the festival. A hardly a(prenominal) of these is the hsiung huan wine that adults drink to prevent evil from invading their body and to bring inner peace. some other dish is the tzung tzu which is a rice ball that was believed to e eaten by Chu yuan before he drowned. Chu Yuan is a Poet who took his own life by jumping of f the boat when he felt that there is nothing that he could do to save his country from bad luck.He was known to be a ethical man y his neighbors so to prevent the fish from eating his body they threw food to the river to feed the fishes. They also right on boats with loud drums to scare the fishes. The fierce dragons are also added to the head of the boat. His neighbors rushed to the river to insure his body and that is where the dragon race is said to have originated. It is said that the dragon festival is done to stigmatise his death in 277 B. C. at the fifth day of the fifth lunar month (low, 2006).Since then the festival has evolved into eating the rice dumplings instead of throwing them to the fishes and because this festival also reminded them to take care of their health, they hanged herbs at their introductory doors. The most significant part of the festival is done at 12 noon where they try to agreement and egg and make is stand. If they can do it, they will have a lu cky year. The festival in Italy on the other hand is different of that in China. The focus is on the streets and not in the river. They decorate it with lights and vendors begin to line up the streets.The Festa della Madonna Bruna is a celebration of the peoples devotion to the browned madona (Foschino, 2002). This is where men in horses and costumes parade the streets and they guard the float of the brown madona. The brown Madona is used by knights to shelter them in battles. They would paint her face on their shields and on their chariots(Lee, 2000). People try to get a tag on of this paper mache ripping it into pieces. The float is then reduced into just chicken wire and a few paper since the devotees have already torn it apart.But this act is not just an extreme form of ardor but is supported by their faith. This means that by destroying the old they give way to the new(Bakerjian, 2003). It is rebirth. This festival happens on the 2nd of July. The history of this festival g oes as far as 1389, not as old as that in China. They also dont have special dishes. The festival is just ended with an extravagant fireworks display at the church(Martin, 2000). These festivals reflect the values and the history of the people who celebrate it. Though some of them whitethorn seem a bit peculiar, they bear certain significance to the community.They are celebrated with zest and joyousness that the entire community is caught up in preparation. It is also anticipated by many. These festivals are important to the lives of the people since they have beliefs that they find necessary for their daily lives. Though these festivals have certain differences, they are intended to celebrate or commemorate the events that are important for the people and their community. It is a way of reliving the history of a community that has paved way into what the community has become. These are the events that shaped the lives of the populace either through devotion or common practices.

The Color Purple: Consolation in Female Bonding

Copyright Martina Diehl June 2012 The Color empurpled Consolation in charrly Bonding Celies road to go steadying and loving herself Abstract This es assign is about the cope topic in The Color Purple, a novel by Alice baby carriage in which, thoughts on racial discrimination, incest, rape, love and family personal business argon provoked. The reader learns about these subjects by the earn that Celie, an uneducated black woman, writes to God and through and through the letters that her sister Nettie and Celie write to each some other.I would ilk to discuss how Walker raises the issue of love surrounded by females, which involves trust and understanding, two aspects that the men in the novel dont possess. The reader witnesses how the women be being oppress and screamd in this mens world, Celie and Shug recuperate comfort and security in each other and then become less afraid to stand up for themselves. I will touch on the comparisons of the awareness hierarchy in Son g of Solomon by Toni Morrison and The Color Purple.Furtherto a greater extent, Walker guides us through the climb of this sisterhood and female love involvement, which helps them get under ones skin the otherness in God, the colour purple. This novel regularises us of cozy racism, incest, oppressiveness and abuse which leads to what walker refers to as womanist, which is to feminism what the colour purple is to lavender (Abbandato 1113). The text implies that Celie and Shug realise their love for each other through traumatic even sots where Afri arse-American females are get-goest in rank, create sexual racism, rape and abuse by the dominating male. The Beginning of Celie and Shug Nature said, you two folks, hook up, ready you a good example of how it sposed to go. (105) Celie has been abused by men in every last(predicate) her life and still she does what they tell her to out of fear until she meets Shug, who stands up for Celie and essays her many beautiful things li fe carries with her. Pa has abused Celie and she has become pregnant, twice. Incest and abuse get outms to be the life she knows and therefrom she is afraid of all men including God because she fears getting beaten and doing something wrong. She is non afraid to write to God because she thinks that He, as a ashen male istener, is ill-equipped to hear what she has to say (Tucker 82), and because her stepfather has made her afraid to tell anybody else, as is suggestn in the first line of the novel You better non tell nobody but God. Itd kill your mammy. (3) She has always feared men, and when she hangs Shug Avery for the first time she is amazed to see that a female has provide every moorage Mr. ____. At first Shug treats Celie as a servant because Shug is divinatory to be with Mr. ____ and not Celie. She finally accepts this is reality and finds out that the man she used to know as Albert is not the homogeneous anymore.Celies traumatic sexual events and incest may have ca used Celie to dive into this female love affair with Shug. Shug hears Celies stories about the raping, and how Celie lets Albert take advantage of her because abuse is the life she has always lead, the life she is used to. Shug helps Celie see the beautiful things that God has given them. Walker uses the letters Celie writes as a political statement, reminding the reader that Celie can only write her feelings about herself and objective information in writing. She continues to do this in the novel even though she can tell her feelings to Shug.She still feels the need to write to God or Nettie (Christian 424). When talking to Shug, Celie finds homosexual continuum (Abbandato 1108) the concept of love, friendship and sisterly solidarity, in a world where heterosexuality is compulsory and women are conjectural to be no more than objects to men, they are the arcsecond sex (Chaber 213), women with no rights or power. A bid against society Walker shows the reader how black woman are t rying to rise above the conditions of their society. Sofia and Shug are the two characters that fight against masculine domination.In Song of Solomon, Morrison focuses on the oppression of women and ridicules the men, showing the reader what men consider to be right while emphasizing the abuse of women. These two novels are set in the same time period and both take place in the South of the United States, both novels show the sexual and racial abuse of women as a second sex between 1910 and 1963. Women in white society were gaining power while black women still had none. During the twentieth century black women began to travel more and saw more of the world and therefore this change in dominance in society.They would no all-night tolerate the power that men had over them. The oppression that Celie was part of. Celie does not write of her husband by name, he is part of the system joining God and her father in an unholy trinity of power than displaces her identity. (Abbandato 1111) Fear of standing up to the dominant sex Celie is afraid to stand up to her husband. She does not fate to get a beating and is traumatised by the events she went through before she left home to be with Mr. ____. Her have passed away and she is left with a stepfather who raped her and whom she thought dumped her babies in the woods.Celie is continually silenced by her stepfather and Mr. ____ and has no choice in the marriage. She is only an object to the men and is required work around the house and handle for them. She does not like to write down or talk about the names of the men who she knows, she prefers to chit-chat them Mr. ___ or Pa and refers to them as Him, like God, these men have more power over her than she has over herself. (Tucker 84) She does not know the man who she calls Pa is not her real father until much later when she hears the allegory from Nettie.Her children whom she thought were gone are with Nettie and Celie learns that white people hanged her father. Co mparing Walker to Morrison Walker ad prinkes the intersectionality of black women in a white society. As she guides the reader through the novel, the reader discovers the class differences in South America. non only are white women less powerful than white men, beneath that are the African Americans, in which the African American female seems to be the lowest class. Toni Morrison presents the reader with a similar view where the black people are in search of the self, trying to fight for a better future.Both novels show the oppression within society that bellows for the African Americans. Walker seems to concentrate on showing the reader all aspects of oppression by highlighting Celies sexual preference, and the sexism and racism which is present not only between a white and black society but also within the African American society. Walker lets the reader find the different levels of discrimination within classes of society. In The Color Purple as good as in Song of Solomon, the se different levels of discrimination arise. Macon Dead and the arrator in Song of Solomon show the reader these different levels of discrimination in the following excerpt Why cant you dress like a woman? He was standing by the stove. Whats that sailors jacket doing on your head? Dont you have stockings? What are you trying to make me look like in this town? He trembled with the thought of the white men in the bank the men who helped him barter for mortgage houses discovering that this raggedy bootlegger was his sister. (20) Macon Dead dreads what the white men energy think of his family, as they are impressed with this Negro who handles business so well.Besides that, Ruth dresses in a masculine manner, which could be argued is a way of proving that she is not lower in class than the men around her. Here in this excerpt, she might be compared to Shug Avery in some respect she provokes the men around her to show her meaning in society. passim both texts a lot of similaritie s can be found in regard to womanism. The women in the texts go to be either dependent on their husbands on independent women with principles and an ideal to grow, and be accepted as equals in society.Walker critiques the black community here by insinuating that women have the right to take responsibility for themselves (Christian 424). Celies trust and distrust Celie, as apposed to Shug, begins hardly any particular views of her own, and only does what she thinks is right caring for her husband. She holds onto the moral philosophy she has learnt from her stepfather, although she realises that her life could be less abusive, she does not seem to feel that she has the power to change that. She thinks that her stepfather, who raped her, has killed her children and therefore she does not trust him.The incest that happens allows distrust towards her family, and so she turns to God is not allowed to tell anybody about the rape and abuse. Celie struggles through life as an uneducated yo ung woman who seems to have a great responsibility of look after an entire household, she is at the bottom of the chain in her family. When Celie meets Shug Avery she seems fascinated by this black woman who is able to stand up to Mr. ____, she even calls him by his first name. Shug is surprised with the way in which Celie lets herself be treated, and the way Albert has changed.Shug finds herself interested in Celies life, and Celie finally finds somebody whom she will trust to tell her stories to. By putting her trust in Shug, does not Celie again depend on somebody, as she has done all along? She depends on her sister to write about what life is like, she depends on the ways she is treated and the quilt she finds in writing to God. She does not seem to be able to survive without a husband for who would do for her? Now Shug is willing to care for her, by letting Celie becoming dependent yet again.Nevertheless, due to the twist of Shug, Celie is able to trust herself again (Chri stian 424). A love affair Celie and Shug The love between Celie and Shug is found through the traumatic events that especially Celie suffers from, and her previous inability to stand up for herself and to emit, as she would only write to God. black females in The Color Purple suffer from their dependence on a husband and being low in the hierarchical setting of the southern states. Celie finds trust and consolation in being able to speak to Shug, who does not abuse her, but merely touches her.This trust turns into a love affair, a lesbian continuum. They find a connection in being on this low hierarchical scale and both find love, which they had been missing. Celie learns to love herself, to trust her own thoughts gains trust in herself and in Shug, she learns to love herself because Shug loves her. Arguably, because she trusts herself she is able to speak up for herself and know when she does not want something Albert no longer abuses her because of Shugs resentment towards Alber ts change.Celie earns a place in society by leaving her place as the uneducated woman who is part of the second sex and becoming less dependent on the dominant male force within the Afro-American society. Walker shows that through trusting and loving the self, barriers can be broken and any type of love is possible. Primary Literature Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Great Britain The Womens Press, 1983. Print. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. USA Plume Fiction. 1987. reprint. On racism in the African-American society.Secondary Literature Abbandonato, Linda. A view from Elsewhere Subversive Sexuality and the rewriting of the heroines story in The Color Purple. PMLA vol. 106. (1991) P. 1106-1115 Christian, Barbara T. We are the ones that we have been waiting for Political content in Alices Walkers novels. Womens studies International Forum vol. 9. (1986) P. 421-426 Idem Tucker, Lindsey. Alice Walkers The Color Purple Emergent Woman, Emergent Text. Black American literature forum. (1 988) Vol. 22. P. 81-95

Mark Twain Short Stories Essay Essay

smear pas de deux has composed a myriad of unequal stories over a long period of time. Twain writes with the passion to charm and amuse the reader. Every mavin sentence he writes makes ace want to keep reading on to see what happens next. His stories also project a comment on human nature and Twain often questions conventional wisdom. Just because persons life did not attach to with what many people see normal, Twain seems to be petition if that makes them lucky when they dont fail. He responds to that question and challenges the reader to think tw deoxyephedrine in his victimize stories.Mark Twains stories seem to never be lacking hilariousness. In component part, for example, he brings out the subject, Lieutenant-General Lord Arthur Scoresby, as a dignified and decorated soldier but then makes a firm turn by quoting the town Reverend saying, Privately hes an absolute fool (Twain 265).This impolite change allows Twain the chance to recount the tale told by the Reverend concerning Scoresbys many failures in battle. Additionally, he sets up the reader in The Story of the Bad Little Boy by photograph a dreary picture as to what could happen to the main character. Twain then excitedly breaks the ice with an amusing reveal of what actually happened. Twain writes, Is it right to disobey my mother?Isnt it sinful to do this? Where do big(p) little boys go who gobble up their good kind mothers jam? and then he didnt kneel down all alone and promise to never to be wicked any more, no that is the panache with all other bad boys in the books He ate that jam, and said it was bully and he put in the tar, and said that was bully, also, and laughed, and observed that the old charwoman would get up and snort (11). This process of creating a sullen circumstance and then flamboyantly reversing caterpillar track is depicted in most of Twains stories and was employ to have a great effect. Mark Twain used humor to thrill the reader, which he did effectively and c onsistently, but he also used it make a clear point. The most frequent point he was trying to make was that companionship is withal uptight.In The Story of the Bad Little Boy, he underlines a wide range of bad things that the main character does but wraps it up that it had little bearing on him when he became a man. Twain writes, And he grew up and married, and raised a large family, and brained them all with an ax one night, and got wealthy by all manner of cheating and rascality and now he is the infernalest wickedestscoundrel in his native village, and is universally respected, and belongs to the legislature (13). This was Twains way of getting at the notion that a naughty infant will always be a bad person. He does this again in Science vs. Luck in which he pokes fun at the over-the-top laws against gambling and games of chance.Twain does this through the main character, a nifty attorney, who argues that the game of seven-up is actually a game of science rather than chance so should not be considered gambling. Twain writes, We, the jury in the case do hereby unanimously nail down that the game comm lonesome(prenominal) known as old sledge or seven-up is eminently a game of science and not chance In demonstration where of it is hereby and herein stated, iterated, reiterated, set ahead and made manifest that, during the entire night, the chance men never won a game (73). By using humor to sink in the message, Twain was able to poke fun at the conservativist folks that ruled his day, and ours. Conservative thinking includes the presumption that people who succeed while acting in an unconventional manner must be lucky.Twain also poked fun at that thinking as well. The hero in Luck, Lieutenant-General Lord Arthur Scoresby, was privately thought to be a fool and the luckiest man on earth to survive in the military for decades. Twain then brings up nearly a twelve events in which Scoresby went against conventional wisdom and managed to live, leaving the rea der to wonder the question, Was it really luck or was Scoresby besides good at what he did? He also attains a familiar and similar goal in The Story of the Bad Little Boy in which the main character survives many near-fatal events to become a pillar of partnership. Twain seems to ask, Was the boy really lucky to survive his childhood or was society too uptight?Finally, in Science vs. Luck, Twain points out that games of chance are nothing more than manifold science or math problems. Once again, Twain intrigues the reader to consider whether the conservative view is the one and only view. Mark Twain wrote short stories with strong intent. He had a critical yet gay perspective that allowed him to see the humor in serious matters. Twain wrote about them in a way that was entertaining while also serving to share his perspective on his literature.For those readers who took themselves too seriously, they probably only saw the humor part. To those who chose to read between the lines la ughed, but also probably stopped to reflect on the message. In his unique way, Mark Twain may have changed the course of human nature and society with his writings.Works CitedTwain, Mark. The Complete Short Stories. New York Alfred A. Knopf, 2012. Print.

Vietnam War and the Media

Write an essay that offers a critical examination of the concept of the delinquent media thesis in respect of any state of strugglefarefare of your choice Natasa Perdiou The Vietnam struggle was the first contend that allowed uncensored media reportage resulting in images and accounts of horrific upshots that served to shape universal opinion of the state of war like nonhing that had been seen before. This characterization by the media led to a separation between the press and the U. S. governance, as much of what was reported defied the intentions of government activity policy.The media has fell blame by many for the result of the war, as it is widely believed that the war could non run through been won under the scrutiny that came from the Ameri gouge people as a result of the media reportage. From the beginning of the Vietnam War to the present, the media has been an immeasurable factor in the perception of the war as the stories, true or false, that were reported gave the American people a face to an ugly war. The scruple over how much, if any, the media had affected the divulgecome of the war has been an harsh unitary and is likely to continue for a huge period to come.But one fact that can non be doubted is that the horridness of war entered the living rooms of Americans for the first time during the Vietnam War. For nearly a decade the American familiar could watch villages being destruct, Vietnamese children burning to death, and American body bags being sent home. Although early coverage mainly supported U. S involvement in the war, tv set news dramatically changed its frame of the war after the Tet Offensive. Images of the U. S led massacre at My Lai dominated the telecasting receiver, yet the daily atrocities rateted by normality Vietnam and the Viet Cong rarely made the evening news.Moreover, the anti-war movement at home gained increasing media attention composition the U. S soldier was forgotten in Vietnam. There was a stable build up of US military support activity in Vietnam during the period 1954 to 1965, but the first combat troops did not erupt until March 1965. During this period, media attention in the war was slow in building up, the first resident TV correspondent, NBCs Garrick Utley, only arriving in late 1964. The media did build up and as the war became progressively more aggressive, journalists were sent out in increasing numbers.It would be fair to say that describe of Vietnam increase approximately in proportion to the military presence. Prior to the involvement of ground troops in Vietnam, media coverage was concentrated to the political dimension of the war of stabilizing a non-communist regime in South Vietnam. The media at this time was committed to reporting news that reflected the common anti-communist stance, which was so powerful in the early 60s that as long as the Vietnam War remained small, the administration had little chafe with the press (Hallin 28). 4By 1965 m edia coverage of Vietnam increased as the U. S. was becoming more part of an aggressive war. Reporting began to shift from the intention of eradication the world of collectivism to the frustration of the men in the field. After the heavy use of ground troops, a shift in coverage occurred that put much of the attention on the military incident of the war. (Wyatt 133). 9 An increasing number of reports began to supply about a lack of incentive and motivation on the part of the South Vietnamese troops. This brought to question the whole voice of American interference, as the U.S. was proposed to support the South Vietnamese in their parkway against the North, not the other focussing around. 1965 did not only mark the increase of ground troops into Vietnam, it also brought the egression of television into the realm of media coverage, while the government was trying to maintain the idea that that the U. S was making advance progress, that the Vietnam War was necessary and that vi ctory was not inevitable. While a small percentage of coverage was consecrated to war and death, what was seen was not forgotten by the American people.The famous General William Westmoreland states that the coverage was almost merely violent, miserable or controversial guns firing, men falling, helicopters crashing, buildings toppling, huts burning, refugees fleeing, women wailing. A shot of a single building in ruins could give the impression of an entire town destroyed. 7 So, in spite of continuous reports of victory, the public had a secure time coming to grips with what they saw their troops involved in Vietnam. Such coverage, along with the vivid images that emerge on T. V. ed to a serious rise in anti-war protest that was merely strengthened by the events of 1968. The Tet Offensive of 1968 marked the greatest conflict in beliefs of the join Stated government and the media. In January, North Vietnamese troops flesh outed the North cities of South Vietnam and the U. S. e mbassy in Saigon. The media and the television, however, portrayed the attack as a condemnable defeat for the U. S, totally altering the outcome of the war at the very moment when government officials were publically stating that victory in Vietnam was just around the corner (Wyatt 167)8.The media covered all the events that immediately followed the Tet Offensive and the American public began adoreing whether this war could be won. tangle with Oberdorfer a Washington reporter said that in that respects no doubt Tet was one of the biggest events in contemporary American history, within two months the, American body politically turned around on the war. And they were significantly influenced by events they saw on television. 2 The Tet offensive was not totally unpredicted by the US military.In reality, the final result was a success, in military terms, for the US as the Vietnamese did undergo serious casualties and were driven plump for. However, the America media were not ence inte of the attack and assumed that the military did not either. Seeing the US embassy being undertaken by the Vietnamese presented the event as a defeat, television fell prey to its chronic lust for drama. 1 After the Tet offensive the media began to attack the American involvement in Vietnam.It became clear to the American public that there was no clear way to win the war. Also, in reaction to public mood the media started sending damaging reports from the frontlines they suggested that American troops lacked the particular training for the terrain and the type of warfare they were subjected to. They also gave the idea to people that the new rebellious generation and the great pressures of the war meant that many soldiers were drug abusers and carrying out atrocities. The media concentrated on civilian casualties and incidents such as the one in My Lai,These images on peoples televisions, left-hand(a) people in outrage, many had lost religious belief in the war and saw no milit ary plan capable of wining such a war. They were revolt by their countrys conduct in the war and were set into a honorable panic, see brutal scenes of civilian casualties committed by their own troops. The war was now seen as a calamitous one and the government was seen to be at fault, forcing many young men to their death or to commit the atrocities they saw on their TV screens.The former Vietnam correspondent Robert Elegant of the Los Angeles times said that for the first time in modern history the outcome of a war is seemed destined to be determined not on the battlefield but on the printed page and, above all, on the television screen 3 The reporting of the actual war was deteriorating, just at the moment when the American military advisers hoped to push for victory. The North Vietnamese causalities following the Tet offensive had left them vulnerable and it was expected that an immediate attack to cut the Ho chi Minh trail would permit the US troops the chance for total su ccess.The news, though, was almost totally concentrating on the locomote anti-war division in the US and stories of low morale and indiscipline among the US troops. The media were responsible for the American insularity from Vietnam because of the poor quality of reporting which lacked in validity in its facts about events and incidents in the war. It seems with all these misreports or blatant lies, which was meant to purposely damage the image of the American fighting forces in Vietnam public opinion of the war was very low in America. However the question is to what extent, if any, did this coverage change the outcome of the war?It would be reasonable to suggest that the Tet offensive was the most significant incident in shaping the outcome of the war. The media sure reported the assault in the most inaccurate way for the US army. Activist young journalists, who had not in the past witness any real fighting were all of a sudden leap by fighting supposed that the North Vietname se had won a great victory. The US government and army were to a degree unrighteous since they were aware the assault was going to happen and did not predicate the media for reasons of national security.There was a succeeding recovery by the Americans and the media did not report this. Moreover, fragile leadership, mainly from Lyndon Johnson, did not motivate confidence in the war enterprise. Evidence does also indicate that there was no haughty public support for the war, even earlier than the negative coverage by media began. The reasons for the war, to ceased the spreading of communism (the eye mask Theory), were not clearly demonstrated and maintained. Some Americans began to realise that the Communist threat was used as a scapegoat to hide imperialistic intentions.After the medias massive blunder of reporting the Tet offensive as a major psychological defeat, and not having the sophistication, integrity or courage to admit their error opposition to war rose sharply. These innumerable domestic divisions gave the chance to high ranking members of Johnsons administration to begin expressing their check of Johnsons actions to the media. This put pressure on government into engaging in to a more defending military strategy that may take over altered the likelihood of victory for the US.President Johnson was under fire from anti-war doves and submitted to twain ceasing the bombing of North Vietnam and beginning the Paris Peace talks. As expected, he also announced his purpose not to stand for re-election. To make things worse, the war cost two-thousand-million dollars every month. The price of many goods in the United States began to rise. The value of the dollar began to drop. The result was inflation. Then economic activity slowed, and the result was recession. Opposition to the war and to the Administrations war policies led to bigger and bigger anti-war demonstrations. Johnsons successor, Richard Nixon, in an effort to gain the public support bac k announced a plan of Vietnamization of the war. This involved swapping US troops with more South Vietnamese troops, develop and armed by the US, after the first US troop coitus interruptuss from Vietnam started in June 1969. Unluckily for Nixon, this did not discourage the anti-war protest who demonstrated in record numbers (250,000) in Washington in November 1969. 10 Images in television in every living room in America were showing the true dreadfulness of war for the first time.Reports of military failure (especially Tet) and slaughter such as the My Lai event shaped an air of scepticism. The media at home were also reporting the rising number and intensity of anti-war protest, legitimising opposition to war. A thing television was guilty of was only placing emphasis on the US troops. The stories that made the news were always about US troops in combat, US troops doing civil action, sometimes US troops in trouble (desertion, drugs, fragging). The allies, whose losses (280,000 South Vietnamese dead) far exceeded those of American troops, were invisible to the American crews.This gave the American public the notion that the war was being waged mostly by the Americans and it was probably this, more than the almost exclusively violent coverage which gave the public a sense of disillusionment and war weariness. Additionally, media coverage of the war in Vietnam shook the credence of citizens at home. The media was the catalyst, which promoted the rising American anti-war movement. They were to a great degree accountable for the American troops withdrawal from Vietnam because of its poor quality of reporting which lacked in accuracy about the facts and events of the war.It is obvious that this kind of misinformation seriously destroyed both the image and the morale of the American soldier in Vietnam. Theres no wonder public opinion of the war was very low in America. But the truth is that the media only sink a slowly sinking politically based ship, as public opinion of the war was already falling. The public were already starting to see through the governments political talk that they had no definite military plan for victory or a justifiable reason to fight against a nation of infantrymen.The American media just dramatised the events to entirely destroy the very political principles which started the war. The media caused such a moral alarm in America at the time, people lost trust in its own government. The media left t America in such a chaos that its own government had to surrender to public opinion. So to what extend are the media guilty for the loss of the war? The media played a key role in American withdrawal from Vietnam. It might as well be proper to suggest that with American support for the war, America forces effort into the war may have been better and the outcome of the war may have been different.Nevertheless, the chief reality is that the America forces in Vietnam had no apparent military strategy to be successful in i ts political mean. So consequently the media can not be solely guilty for the American withdrawal. Yet, the question is, would have American forces been withdraw from Vietnam with no media negative reporting of the war? The retort is that we will never know for sure. But we can undoubtedly say that Americans support for the war would have mostly remained high all over the war, the pressure on the American troops and government wouldnt have appeared.Without all of the these factors the American troops may have had the time to adjust to the style of warfare and topography and resolve the behavioural and discipline troubles they were facing which highly attracted the media attention. This could mean that America would have continued the war in Vietnam, which may, but not definitely would have created a different outcome. Despite this, you still cant say that the media is totally responsible for the withdrawal of American fighting forces in Vietnam. It was the longest war in American h istory which resulted in nearly 60,000 American deaths and an estimated 2 million Vietnamese deaths.The fiscal cost to the United States was just as deep. Even today, many Americans still ask whether the American effort in Vietnam was a sin, a blunder, a necessary war, or a noble cause, or an idealistic, if failed, effort to protect the South Vietnamese from totalitarian government. Nicholas Hopkinsons statement is the one that probably best reflects the situation of the media in Vietnam As public enthusiasm faded, reporting became more and more critical but to single the media out as the decisive element in declining public opinion is incorrect.US opinion turned against the war because it was long unsuccessful, costly in terms of human life and expenditure. 6 Words 2314 References Bibliography 1. Braestrup, Peter. The News Media and the War in Vietnam Myths and Realities 2. Don Oberdorfer, Tet , September 1, 1971 3. Elegant, Robert, How to Lose a War, Encounter, 57, 2 (1981), 73 89 4. Hallin, Daniel C. , The Uncensored War The Media and Vietnam. Los Angles atomic number 20 University of California Press, 1986. 5. George Herring, Americas Longest War The United States in Vietnam, 1950-1975 (1986) . Nicholas Hopkinson, War and the media Wilton Paper 55 (London HMSO, 1992) 6-7 7. Westmoreland, William C. A Soldier Reports (Garden City, N. Y. , Doubleday, 1976) 8. William M. Hammond, humans Affairs The Military and the Media, 1962-1968 (1989) and Public Affairs The Military and the Media, 1968-1973 (1996). 9. Wyatt, Clarence R. Paper Soldiers The American Press and the Vietnam War. wampum University of Chicago Press, 1995. Internet sources 10. www. nytimes. com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1115. html

Self-efficacy in reading and language arts Research Paper

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